2013年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試
英語一試題詳解
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .
1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers
2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external
3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment
4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all
5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless
6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless
8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test
9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified
11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured
13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged
14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took
15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather
16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced
17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below
18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate
19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard
20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful
答案：
1-5: ADCAB
6-10: BADDA
11-15: DCBDB
16-20: CACBC
答案詳解：
2013年的完型填空是一篇選自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》名為A Question of Judgment的文章。講述的是有關(guān)判斷的問題。這類文章出現(xiàn)在今年的考研真題中，符合考研英語歷年的出題形式。但是考生在沒有掌握單詞基本知識(shí)和解題技巧的情況下也會(huì)感到很困難。
相較于2012年的完型來說，今年的考題適中?？疾榈脑~匯部分涉及到名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和介詞。其中，動(dòng)詞考查的頻率最高，占完型部分考題的35%。第4、7、15和17題考察了邏輯連接題，占完型題目的20%?？忌谡莆丈舷挛慕Y(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上準(zhǔn)確完成這類考題。其次，在文章考查點(diǎn)里有兩處涉及到了后置定語的語法知識(shí)，即第5和第10題。一處是形容詞加介詞構(gòu)成后置定語，一處是過去分詞作后置定語，而這兩點(diǎn)在跨考一階的講義中，各位語法老師已經(jīng)跟考生們專門講解過。后期陸陸續(xù)續(xù)的閱讀和寫作課里，也是反復(fù)提到的語法點(diǎn)。
遵循以往完型填空的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，今年的考題仍然秉承了總分的結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段引出話題并介紹Dr. Simonsohn 的觀點(diǎn)。第二、三、四段具體介紹了Dr. Simonsohn為證明理論采取的實(shí)驗(yàn)以及最后的發(fā)現(xiàn)。而且在文章第一句話就給出了整篇文章的中心主線—People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.
總之2013年的考題在日常強(qiáng)調(diào)的“單詞加技巧等于高分”的解題方式下，定會(huì)被迎刃而解。
1. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義和詞匯辨析
[選項(xiàng)分析] 本題考查動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)上下文意思，首先可以排除[B]和[D]。這句話中 that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，主要是說這一優(yōu)勢(shì)賦予了一種特定的能力。[C]中transmit 為 傳播，不符合上下文意思。
2. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義
[選項(xiàng)分析] which are unbiased 這個(gè)定語從句做插入語修飾 judgment。這句話的意思是“通過XXX因素作出公正判決的能力”，由此可以排除[A] 和 [B]。做這一題時(shí)，我們需要理解第一句話，給我們提供了一個(gè)大的背景和條件。第一句話說“人們不擅長利用背景信息作決定”，所以可以推出這兒并不是“通過關(guān)鍵信息”來做出公正的判決，而是通過其它一些信息，如外部的信息，作出判決。根據(jù)上下文意思，可以推出 [D] 為正確答案。
3. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義和固定搭配
[選項(xiàng)分析] big picture 是一個(gè)固定搭配，指(事情的)主要部分;重點(diǎn)，故選[A]。其它詞語與big 搭配，均沒有這層意思。
4. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 邏輯銜接題
[選項(xiàng)分析] 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系判斷，在提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)之后，接下來就是進(jìn)行例證。選項(xiàng)中只有[A] 表示“例如”，符合這一邏輯關(guān)系，故選[A]。[B]表示“平均”的意思;[C]為“大體上，原則上”;[D] 為“首先”，均不符合。
5. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義和詞匯辨析
[選項(xiàng)分析] 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均可以與介詞 of 搭配，[A] 表示“喜歡”， [B] 表示“害怕，恐怕”， [C] 表示“能夠，具有…能力”， [D] 表示“輕率的，考慮不周的”。of 后面的短語作 judge 的定語，這句話意思是“XXX地顯得對(duì)犯罪太過軟弱的法官可能更傾向于給被告作出判刑的判決”。根據(jù)上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“顯得對(duì)犯罪太過軟弱”顯然不是某種能力，故可以排除[C] 選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)上下文意思，害怕顯得過于軟弱的法官，才會(huì)更傾向于作出較嚴(yán)厲的判決。故選[B]。
6. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 介詞搭配
[選項(xiàng)分析] soft on sb/sth 是一個(gè)固定搭配詞組，表示“對(duì)某人/某事態(tài)度偏軟，不夠嚴(yán)厲”的意思，故選[B]。
7.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案A
考點(diǎn)分析 邏輯銜接題
選項(xiàng)分析 前半句含義是“一個(gè)擔(dān)心自己會(huì)犯罪行為上表現(xiàn)的過分軟弱的法官可能會(huì)判人入獄”，后半句含義是“當(dāng)天他已經(jīng)判五到六個(gè)人緩刑”兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系明顯為假設(shè)。A if 表示假設(shè)“如果”。B until “直到。。。才。。。”。C though “然而”，表轉(zhuǎn)折。D unless “除非”，表讓步。前半句是結(jié)果主句，后半句是一個(gè)假設(shè)條件，所以選C
8.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D?？键c(diǎn)分析 上下文語義及動(dòng)詞辨析
選項(xiàng)分析 本句話是說要進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證觀點(diǎn)?？崭窈蟮拿~idea作賓語，對(duì)決定動(dòng)詞十分關(guān)鍵。
動(dòng)詞意思應(yīng)為“測(cè)試”。A promote “促進(jìn)”。B emphasize “強(qiáng)調(diào)”。C share “分享”。D test “測(cè)試”。只有D 選項(xiàng)和“觀點(diǎn)”搭配，符合語境。
9.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D。考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義及名詞辨析
選項(xiàng)分析 本句話含義是講其中一個(gè)申請(qǐng)者與其他申請(qǐng)?jiān)诿嬖囍械年P(guān)系。申請(qǐng)者希望成功。A decisioin “選擇”。B quality “質(zhì)量”。C status “身份”。D success “成功”。只有D 項(xiàng)搭配，符合語境。
10.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 A?？键c(diǎn)分析 后置定語
選項(xiàng)分析 本句意為測(cè)試中隨機(jī)選出的其他申請(qǐng)者。A chosen “選出”。B stupid “笨的”。C found “發(fā)現(xiàn)”。D identified “識(shí)別”。只有A 選項(xiàng)和申請(qǐng)者搭配意為選出來的申請(qǐng)者，符合語境。
11.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 D?？键c(diǎn)分析 邏輯銜接題
選項(xiàng)分析 后半句開頭的but已經(jīng)暗示了下文的連接詞。內(nèi)容上前半句意為一個(gè)申請(qǐng)者的面試成功和其他申請(qǐng)者沒有關(guān)系，后半句意為西蒙森懷疑事實(shí)。明顯是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。A exceptional “例外的”。B defensible “可防御的”。C replaceable “可替換的”。D otherwise “相反的”。只有D項(xiàng)可以表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選D。
12. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案 C?？键c(diǎn)分析 后置定語
選項(xiàng)分析 本句前半句是說西蒙森研究了面試者的結(jié)果，后半句含義是招生辦官員。所以這里應(yīng)該是招生辦官員舉行面試，后半句做后置定語。A inspire “鼓舞”。B expressed “表達(dá)”。C conducted “舉行”。D secured “保護(hù)”。所以結(jié)合上下文可以得出只有C項(xiàng)符合語境。
13.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案B
考點(diǎn)分析 上下文語義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析
選項(xiàng)分析 文中句子含義為，“面試官有13個(gè)申請(qǐng)者一到五級(jí)打分”A .assign 分配;指派; 將財(cái)產(chǎn)過戶(尤指過戶給債權(quán)人)B .rate 認(rèn)為;估價(jià)，C.match 使比賽D .arrange 安排，根據(jù)上下文含義，應(yīng)選B.
14.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 固定搭配。 題干This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. 空格處需要?jiǎng)釉~一個(gè)。因?yàn)楹竺嬗衖nto consideration. 所以選took. Take into consideration 是把什么考慮在內(nèi)的意思。
15.B。本題考查邏輯關(guān)系，通過上下文應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)表順承先后順序的詞，只有B項(xiàng)then合適。
16. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義和邏輯關(guān)系
[選項(xiàng)分析] 這句話 which 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，修飾 exam，考試都有一個(gè)總分，這句話的意思是說“以800分計(jì)算的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試”，可以排除[A]、[B]和 [D]選項(xiàng)。mark 表示“得分”，符合原文意思，故選[C]。
17. [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]
[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語義和邏輯關(guān)系
[選項(xiàng)分析] 根據(jù)詞語的意思和搭配，可以排除 [C] 和 [D] 選項(xiàng)。這題的選擇必須與后面一題聯(lián)系起來進(jìn)行選擇，這句話說“前面候選者的分?jǐn)?shù)比XXX的候選者高0.75分”，則“下一個(gè)候選者則XXX”，由此可知，“前面的候選者”肯定不能是比他后面的人分?jǐn)?shù)高，排除[B]。[A] 選項(xiàng)符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系，故選[A]。
18.B. 根據(jù)上下文意思，是一種up和down 的趨勢(shì)，17空前面是up趨勢(shì)，所以18謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該選“下降”的趨勢(shì)的動(dòng)詞，A,B,C,D之中明顯的表下降的是B項(xiàng)， drop相對(duì)于前面的high。
19.B。根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)該選一個(gè)“消除”影響的含義的動(dòng)詞，答案當(dāng)中B項(xiàng)和A,C相反，B是“消除”即“不會(huì)產(chǎn)生”，符合上下文。
20.C。本題需要找個(gè)形容詞修飾points, A 項(xiàng)promising “有前途的，有希望的”;意思不合適，很明顯B,C,D當(dāng)中C項(xiàng)necessary符合上下文。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D]lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
答案： BDCCD
Text 2
An old saw has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks three deals and a quarrel have illustrated the value to advertisers (and their suppliers of software) of such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, a new incarnation of the software firm's operating system, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies (including Twitter) have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D]provide better online services
27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D]internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D]goes against human nature
29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
答案： BDCAD
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