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介詞
介詞又叫做前置詞，是一種虛詞，不能單獨(dú)在句子當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，它后面必須接名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類搭配(介詞+賓語)構(gòu)成介詞短語;和動詞搭配構(gòu)成短語動詞，然后才能夠在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)成分。
介詞分為簡單介詞，如：at, in, on, besides, since, for等;合成介詞，如：inside, outside, without, within, into, onto等;短語介詞(或成語介詞)，如：because of, in front of, instead of, in spite of等;二重介詞，如：from behind, until after等。
一、介詞短語的句法功能
介詞在句子中可以充當(dāng)定語、狀語、表語、以及賓語補(bǔ)足語等。
1. 作定語
介詞短語在句中做定語時須位于被修飾詞之后。
The key to the door is missing.
The water-tower in front of our school was built in 1988.
2. 作表語(或稱為：主語的補(bǔ)足語)
Some students are in the classroom, and some on the playground.
As we know, Japan is to the east of China.
3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語(或稱為：賓語的表語)
Did you see a pen under my desk this morning?
They have sent another rocket into the sky.
4. 作狀語
1) On Sundays, the family are mostly out. (時間狀語)
2) On top of the hill stands a TV tower. (地點(diǎn)狀語)
3) He is used to sleeping with all the windows open. (伴隨狀語)
4) In the search for the lost child, the villagers went all out. (目的狀語)
5) All the work must be done by hand. (方式狀語)
6) At times, I go to the cinema. (頻度狀語)
7) She is by far the best student in our class. (程度狀語)
8) Because of poverty, he couldn’t go to school. (原因狀語)
9) To my surprise, he got the first prize in the contest. (結(jié)果狀語 / 或評注性狀語)
10) Without our Party, we couldn’t live a happy life. (條件狀語)
11) In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through. (讓步狀語)
12) As a matter of fact, nobody agreed to his project. (評注性狀語)
In my opinion, you’d better go with us.
二、介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
“介詞+賓語+補(bǔ)足語”可以構(gòu)成介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子當(dāng)中可充當(dāng)表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語和補(bǔ)足語之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，使得句子意義更加豐富。常見的這類介詞有with, without, like, of等。
1. 介詞+賓語+形容詞
He is used to sleeping with all the windows open.
2. 介詞+賓語+分詞
Bamboo leaves swing in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
At the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed and lessons (of being) repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street.
The wounded boy glared at the nobleman with his teeth clenched.
3. 介詞+賓語+不定式
The cat humped its back just like a fierce tiger to jump upon me.
4. 介詞+賓語+副詞
The little boy rushed out of the house without anything on.
5. 介詞+賓語+介詞短語
The teacher entered the classroom with a book under his arm.
三、介詞的疊用
在少數(shù)介詞之后還可接另一個介詞短語，也就是我們所稱的二重介詞。如：
The naughty boy suddenly rushed out from behind the tree to frighten the girl.
In the spring, new bamboo shoots come out from around their own roots.
He kept on working until after lunch.
四、介詞+and+介詞
有些介詞短語用兩個意義相反的介詞構(gòu)成從而使句子精簡化。
Not knowing what to do, the worried officer walked up and down the room.
五、介詞與其同形的與副詞區(qū)別
有些介詞可做副詞用，但我們知道副詞可以單獨(dú)在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，而介詞須加賓語構(gòu)成短語才可在句子中充當(dāng)成分。
試比較：
Please come in. (in為副詞 = into the room)
We have no car, but we can go there without. (without為副詞 = without a car)
Although the exam was difficult, I managed to get through. (through為副詞 = through the exam)
六、常易混用介詞的區(qū)別
1. 表示“上、下”等方位的介詞。見下圖：
2. 表示地點(diǎn)的in和at的區(qū)別
a) at表示位置，in表示“在„內(nèi)”如：
— Where is he? — He is at the cinema. (問話者想知道的是位置)
— Is he in the cinema? — Yes, he is. (問話者可能已經(jīng)在影院門外)
b) at表示小地點(diǎn)，in表示大地點(diǎn)
They arrived at the village at seven.
They arrived in Beijing at seven.
但若某一個大地點(diǎn)并不是最后的終點(diǎn)，仍然用at。例如：
The train from Beijing to Guangzhou will arrive at Wuhan at twelve o’clock.
(武漢只是從北京開往廣州這趟列車途中的一個站，并非目的地。)
3. in, to和on在方位名詞前的區(qū)別
in表示在某范圍之內(nèi);to表示某范圍之外的地方;on表示“毗鄰、接壤”
Taiwan lies in the east of China.
Taiwan lies to the east of the mainland of China.
Mongolia (蒙古) is (lies) on the north of China.
4. 表示時間的in和after
用于將來時態(tài)時，in后面接“時段”;after后面接“時點(diǎn)”。試比較：
He will be back in five hours.
He will be back after five o’clock.
after后面也可接“時段”，但應(yīng)該用在過去時態(tài)的句子中。
They came back after five days.
5. 表示時間的at, in和on
1) at表示“鐘點(diǎn)時刻、黎明、正午、黃昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、節(jié)日期間”
He often gets up at daybreak (dawn).
They will begin their journey at New Year.
2) in表示“上(下)午、晚間、星期、月份、年份、世紀(jì)”
He was born in 1988.
3) on表示具體日期或具體的上(下)午，節(jié)日的當(dāng)天，美國英語周末前也用on.
He died on the morning of August 15th, 1985.
但若morning, afternoon, evening等詞前面有early或late等修飾語則仍然用in。如： He died in the early morning of August 15th, 1985.
6. 表時間的since和for
since后接時點(diǎn);for接時段，均常與完成時態(tài)連用。
He has been here since last Friday.
He has been here for five days.
當(dāng)表示“多少次” 時不能用for; 表示“第幾次”位于句首時須加for，而位于句尾時for可以省略也可保留。
He has been to Beijing three times. (不可用for three times)
For the first time, I have come here.
I have come here (for) the first time.
7. 表示位置的between和among
between表示“個與個之間”，并非只能指兩者，可用“„and„”也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如： The teacher sat between Tom, Jack, Kate, Jane and Mary.
You’d better eat nothing between meals.
among則籠統(tǒng)地指“在„之中”，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞。
The teacher sat among the students.
8. except, besides, but, except for, but for, except that/ when
1) except用作介詞，意為“除了”。整個句子所表達(dá)的意思重點(diǎn)在except所構(gòu)成的介
詞短語上。例如：
Nobody felt anxious except him. (只有他才焦慮不安)
2) except 和 besides
兩者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意;后者指“除此之外還有”，有“外加”之意。例如：
There are six of us besides Tom. (除湯姆外，另外我們還有6個人。)
3) except和 but
but用作介詞時，意思是“除„外”，“別無„”，“只有„”;but多與no one，nothing，who，all，everyone等連用，它可與except互換。例如：
No one but a fool would believe it.
Who but he would do such a thing?
4) except for 和 except that/when
二者意為“只是”或“除„外”，表示理由或細(xì)節(jié)，修正前面所說的情況。except for后面接單詞，except that/when后面接句子。整個句子所表達(dá)的意思重點(diǎn)在主句中，而except所構(gòu)成的介詞短語只是次要的。例如： Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
(= Your composition is good except that there are a few spelling mistakes.) 比較：All the compositions are good except Li Hua’s. (大家的作文都好，只有李華的除外。) 5) except for和but for
except for用于陳述語氣，but for用于虛擬語氣“要不是„”。例如： Except for its temples，the place is not worth seeing. But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work on time.
6) except but十動詞不定式(可帶to或不帶to，當(dāng)but或except之前沒有動詞“do”
的某種形式時，其后的不定式要帶to。)例如：
They did nothing except/but watch TV.
I could not do anything except/bur just wait for him to come round.
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