從2000年到2014年,考研英語(yǔ)大作文均為占總分20%的圖畫(huà)作文,其成績(jī)對(duì)英語(yǔ)總成績(jī)影響非常大。圖畫(huà)作文講究“圖畫(huà)簡(jiǎn)單,寓意深刻”,圖畫(huà)給出提示,深層次信息隱含在圖畫(huà)之中,考查學(xué)生對(duì)圖畫(huà)寓意的理解表達(dá)能力??忌氄J(rèn)真領(lǐng)會(huì)考研英語(yǔ)圖畫(huà)作文寫(xiě)作的每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),以便在30~40分鐘內(nèi)完成160~200詞的圖畫(huà)作文。圖畫(huà)作文評(píng)分點(diǎn)之一在于詞的多樣性和句子語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)及語(yǔ)言的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性。因此,在復(fù)習(xí)中掌握相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言策略是至關(guān)重要的。
1. 詞法應(yīng)對(duì)策略
1.1 注意辨析詞性
詞性錯(cuò)誤是指詞根正確,但詞性錯(cuò)誤。一方面, 英漢是兩種不同的語(yǔ)系, 它們?cè)谠~匯和形態(tài)上區(qū)別很大。漢字沒(méi)有形態(tài)變化, 許多詞如“正確”“容易”“小心”,既可用作副詞又可用作形容詞。然而, 英語(yǔ)中, 許多形容詞必須加后綴 - ly才能構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)的副詞,如 correct- correctly, easy- easily。許多考生受漢語(yǔ)影響, 常忽略英語(yǔ)詞尾特征而犯以上詞性錯(cuò)誤。另一方面, 英語(yǔ)單詞的后綴形式很復(fù)雜, 有些后綴改變?cè)~類(lèi), 如 care- careful,carefully- carefulness;有些后綴不改變?cè)~類(lèi), 如memory- memorization。由于這些后綴本身的復(fù)雜性, 考生很難記住, 所以容易犯詞性錯(cuò)誤。詞性錯(cuò)誤的應(yīng)對(duì)策略是采用詞根詞綴法背誦單詞,從根本上區(qū)分詞根詞綴。
1.2同義詞替代
考研寫(xiě)作高分的第一步就是要有意識(shí)地在寫(xiě)作中用高級(jí)詞匯去取代相對(duì)低級(jí)的詞匯,從而反映出自己的詞匯表現(xiàn)能力。比如“害怕”,經(jīng)常用的是“afraid”,但還有比這個(gè)高級(jí)的詞匯:horror,scared,astonished 等。這當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)詞都會(huì)比afraid得的分?jǐn)?shù)要高,這就是所謂的高級(jí)詞匯正確取代低級(jí)詞匯的過(guò)程。如:
高級(jí)詞匯低級(jí)詞匯
facet, dimension, sphereaspect
affair ,business ,matterthing
demonstrate,manifestshow
individuals, characters, folkspeople ,persons
shopper, client, consumer, purchasercustomer
give rise to, lead to, result in, triggercause
for my part ,from my own perspectivein my opinion
dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse,bad
overwhelmingly,exceedingly,extremely, intenselyvery
harbor the idea that, take theattitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged thatthink
favorable,promising,superior,
pleasurable,excellent,outstandinggood
高級(jí)詞匯讓你的作文看起來(lái)專(zhuān)業(yè)而地道,豐富多彩的語(yǔ)言一定會(huì)為你的作文加分不少!但也要避免替代錯(cuò)誤。替代錯(cuò)誤指從語(yǔ)法角度看似正確,但在語(yǔ)義上卻講不通的詞匯錯(cuò)誤。替代錯(cuò)誤的頻次最高,占詞匯錯(cuò)誤總數(shù)的33%。此類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤常出現(xiàn)在同義詞。例如2003年真題“溫室的花朵”的句子:
We should practice it from time to time, and thus we will slowly master it and do it perfectly.
副詞slowly(緩慢地)修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞master不符語(yǔ)義邏輯,出現(xiàn)了替代錯(cuò)誤,gradually強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過(guò)程“逐漸地”,用在此處才合適。
We should practice it from time to time, and thus we will gradually master it and do it perfectly.
2. 句法應(yīng)對(duì)策略
2.1注意修飾語(yǔ)位置
修飾語(yǔ)指起修飾作用的成分,包括單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句。修飾語(yǔ)必須緊靠其所修飾的成分。若修飾語(yǔ)離所修飾的詞太遠(yuǎn)或放錯(cuò)位置,就可能造成誤解或產(chǎn)生歧義。例如:
(1)It is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon that two handicapped men are continuing their new journey with their powerful hands.(2008年真題)
(2)The block on the highway had been cleared before heavy traffic jam was caused by the policemen.
第一句介詞短語(yǔ)with their powerful hands放在句末使句子不通順。第二句by the policemen產(chǎn)生歧義“警察引起了重大交通事故”。應(yīng)調(diào)整修飾語(yǔ)位置,使其緊靠所修飾成分。如:
(1)It is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon that supporting each other with their powerful hands, two handicapped men are continuing their new journey on the ground.(2008年真題)
(2)The block on the highway had been cleared by the policemen before heavy traffic jam was caused.
2.2避免垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞位于句首做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)要與主句主語(yǔ)一致,否則就會(huì)犯懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤。懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞+動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)是主從句主語(yǔ)不一致。
例如,2003年真題有關(guān)“溫室花朵”的圖畫(huà)中,表達(dá)“一旦離開(kāi)父母,很多孩子難以獨(dú)立生活”:
Once left their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
這句話主從句主語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不一致。many young people可以作make 的主語(yǔ),主動(dòng)做make 的動(dòng)作,left 表被動(dòng),可譯為“拋下、撇下”,從語(yǔ)義上看,many young people應(yīng)是離開(kāi)父母,并非“拋下、撇下”父母。本句直譯為:一旦撇下父母,很多孩子難以獨(dú)立生活。這是不合邏輯的。應(yīng)改為:
Once leaving their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
或者:Once they leave their parents, many young people cannot make a living of their own.
在道歉信中,“為了表達(dá)我的歉意,加拿大的朋友將買(mǎi)一個(gè)新的給你。”中文可這樣表達(dá),但譯成英文:
To show my regret, my friend living in Canada will buy a new one for you.
不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)I和主句主語(yǔ)my friend不一致,應(yīng)使前后主語(yǔ)一致,如:
To show my regret, I will ask one of my friend living in Canada to buy a new one for you.
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