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2021考研英語(yǔ)：長(zhǎng)難句的翻譯整理31
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
一、句子主干
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
二、語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)
本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)是(which was)representing… ，另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。
可見(jiàn)，定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
三、句子翻譯
對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
四、翻譯技巧
實(shí)際上定語(yǔ)從句并不符合漢語(yǔ)的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語(yǔ)從句，一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來(lái)的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長(zhǎng)的情況，把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個(gè)階層”開(kāi)始另起一句。
2021考研英語(yǔ)備考：強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一、強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用“助動(dòng)詞do + 動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
注意：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有兩種時(shí)態(tài)能強(qiáng)調(diào)，即一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中，do有人稱(chēng)的變化，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)用does，一般過(guò)去時(shí)do 變成did。其他時(shí)態(tài)的強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)重讀謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)體現(xiàn)。
例如：
You’re quite wrong, she does like you. 你錯(cuò)了，她真的喜歡你。
Do come in. 快進(jìn)來(lái)。
用“助動(dòng)詞do + 動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)：
例如：
I work hard. → I do work hard.
She loves you. → She does love you.
My father smokes a lot. → My father does smoke a lot.
2.強(qiáng)調(diào)一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)：
例如：
I called you in the morning.
→ I did call you in the morning.
I attended the meeting yesterday.
→ I did attend the meeting yesterday.
I handed in the paper yesterday.
→ I did hand in the paper yesterday.
He wrote a letter to me yesterday.
→ He did write a letter to me.
He came to see you yesterday.
→ He did come to see you yesterday.
其他表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的方式
1.把要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在句首：
例如:
That film?what do you think of it?
Asleep, then, were you?
2.用某些特殊的詞來(lái)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，如really, certainly, definitely, very等。在口語(yǔ)中，such 和so 都常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
如：
Thank you so much.
It was such a lovely party.
I really enjoyed it.
This is the very book that I am looking for. 我要找的就是這本書(shū)。
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)非謂語(yǔ)
其基本句型是：“It + is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 + that/who + 其她成分”。It 沒(méi)有實(shí)意，只起語(yǔ)法作用，引導(dǎo)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人時(shí)，可用who(m)/that, 其他情況用that。
例如：
It was I who/that met Jack yesterday. 是我昨天碰到了Jack.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))
It was Jack that/whom I met yesterday. 我昨天碰到的是Jack。
(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ))
It was yesterday that I met Jack. 是昨天我碰到了Jack.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
這幾句話復(fù)原為非強(qiáng)調(diào)句就是：I met Jack yesterday.
It is people, not things, that are decisive. 決定的因素是人，不是物。
(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))
It is because the book is very important for my present job that I bought it. 是因?yàn)檫@本書(shū)對(duì)我目前的工作很有用，我才買(mǎi)了它。
(強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ))
It was in the supermarket that I gave the book to him. 是在那家超市里我給了他那本書(shū)。(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
1.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)：
It was John who broke the window. 是John打破了窗子。
原句：John broke the window.
It is this overpass that will be pulled down. 將被拆掉的是這個(gè)天橋。
原句：This overpass will be pulled down.
It is the people who/that are really powerful. 真正有力量的是人民。
原句：The people are really powerful.
2021考研英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)：表語(yǔ)從句的辨析
表語(yǔ)從句位于主句的連系動(dòng)詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
That’s why I have come. 那就是我為什么來(lái)了。
My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意見(jiàn)是事情會(huì)好起來(lái)的。
One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太陽(yáng)能的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)枯竭。
The truth is that he didn’t really try. 實(shí)際情況是他沒(méi)有真正努力。
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)來(lái)付帳、我們又何時(shí)開(kāi)始。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車(chē)時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語(yǔ)講得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說(shuō)的就是我與此事沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實(shí)是他注意到車(chē)時(shí)已經(jīng)太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語(yǔ)講得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說(shuō)的就是我與此事沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
此外，表語(yǔ)從句還可由as if (好像)引導(dǎo)。如：
It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 看起來(lái)好像要下雨了。
翻譯練習(xí)：
這就是她昨天請(qǐng)一天假的原因。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
我的想法是，個(gè)人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。
My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
問(wèn)題在于上帝是否真的存在。
The question is whether the God really exists.
我想知道的是，他是如何在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的。
What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
形容詞后的that 從句
that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語(yǔ)，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：
I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。
He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯(cuò)誤，他生氣了。
He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會(huì)贏
She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿Α?BR> I am glad that you’ve come. 你來(lái)了我很高興。
He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我說(shuō)不，他似乎很吃驚。
I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么。
We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒(méi)能來(lái)我們有點(diǎn)失望。
I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心她做不成這件事情。
what 從句的小結(jié)
1.意思是“所….的事/物”, 相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情況：
(1) 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。如：
What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實(shí)。