2015年9月12日的托?？荚嚧蠹叶紲蕚涞脑趺礃恿耍鰢魧W(xué)網(wǎng)托?？荚嚈谀?/strong>為了讓廣大考生更好地規(guī)劃復(fù)習(xí)、應(yīng)對即將到來的考試，特地整理了以下2015年9月12日托福閱讀真題預(yù)測，提前祝大家考試成功!
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2015年9月12日托福閱讀真題預(yù)測：
第一篇： GERMAN RAILWAY
第二篇講的是近代德國基于鐵路工業(yè)的發(fā)展。
這篇結(jié)構(gòu)為很簡潔的三段。第一段總起說了下德國發(fā)展鐵路后帶動了一系列的發(fā)展進步。第二段細說了下鐵路引領(lǐng)了什么進步，主要是鐵、煤以及其他諸如化工產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的發(fā)展。然后作者列舉了一個現(xiàn)象，通過鐵路帶動化工產(chǎn)業(yè)這個例子來闡述。(這里考作者的闡述方法)之后還強調(diào)了下鐵路帶動了一個P城市的興旺，這個城市通過興建各種配套設(shè)施啥的，體現(xiàn)了鐵路給城市帶來的翻天覆地的變化。第三段主要還是圍繞P展開說了下，說由于鐵路使得市場擴大了之類的。之后說了鐵路還幫助人們能夠在更大范圍找工作以及周邊產(chǎn)業(yè)給了更多的人就業(yè)機會。(這里有雙選題)最后還說鐵路打通了德國東西的連接，(運河是南北的)標志著德國工業(yè)的振興blabla。
German Railways.
As far as railway development is concerned, no corner of the world is making more rapid progress than Germany. A recent survey issued by the German railway authorities states that, during 1927, the German railways handled 1,909,000,000 passengers and 489,000,000 tons of merchandise. Steam locomotives number 24,575 and electric locomotives 316. The German railways operate some 62,940 passenger carriages, and the stock of goods wagons totals 674,318. As a result of a consistent effort at standardization, the number of types of locomotives in service on the German lines has been reduced from 250 in 1920 to 40 at the present time. Despite this standardization, the door is being left open to experiment, and, at the moment, attention is being devoted to the development of high pressure locomotives, some of these experimental machines having steam pressures as high as 880lbs. per square inch.
German Railway history began with the opening of the steam-hauled Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. This had been preceded by the opening of the horse-hauled Prince William Railway on 20 September 1831. The first long distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839.
German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France
Social and economic benefits
【P的興旺】Prussia nationalized its railways in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalize those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profitmaking endeavor, and the railway profits became a major source of revenue for the state. The nationalization of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.
In order to enable the free exchange of goods wagons between the different state railway administrations, the German State Railway Wagon Association (DeutscherStaatsbahnwagenverband or DSV) was formed in 1909. The standard wagons that resulted are often referred to as 'DSV wagons'.
The standardisation of goods wagons under the German State Railway Wagon Association, that had produced the Verbandsbauart ('Association design') wagons, continued as new designs using interchangeable components were introduced from about 1927. These were the Austauschbauart ('interchangeable design') wagons. The 1930s saw the introduction of welded construction and solid wheels replacing spoked wheels on new goods wagons. As the Second World War loomed, production was geared towards the war effort. The focus was on fewer types but greater numbers of so-called Kriegsbauart or wartime designs for the transportation of large quantities of tanks, vehicles, troops and supplies.
【德國鐵路對工業(yè)的影響】During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven and ?bergangskriegslokomotiven)。 Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods. The rail yards were the main targets of the "transportation strategy" of the British and American strategic bombing campaign of 1944-45, and resulted in massive destruction of the system.