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Q：老師!我讀的很明白，但是在選擇選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，總選錯(cuò)，什么原因?
相信每個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的閱讀老師都曾經(jīng)被無(wú)數(shù)次問(wèn)到過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。那么現(xiàn)在我們一起來(lái)分析一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
首先，問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的同學(xué)總會(huì)有個(gè)前提條件：我讀的很明白。然而對(duì)于大部分同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，這其實(shí)并不成立，“很明白”并不是真的“很明白”。我們一起來(lái)做個(gè)小小的測(cè)試：
1. 首先把下面的幾個(gè)句子看完，做到努力理解句子的意思;
2. 如果有基友，把這些句子的意思復(fù)述給基友聽(tīng)，看看ta在不看句子的情況下，是否能夠理解你說(shuō)的“人話”。
3. 如果是“單身狗”，那么請(qǐng)把這個(gè)句子的意思翻譯成一個(gè)至少自己讀起來(lái)比較通順的中文句子。無(wú)論是打字還是手寫(xiě)，請(qǐng)記錄下翻譯出的句子。
4. 完成上述步驟后，請(qǐng)與下面的翻譯核對(duì)，判斷一下自己對(duì)于這幾個(gè)句子的理解是否足夠準(zhǔn)確。
翻譯：
1)在近十年里所發(fā)現(xiàn)的睡眠時(shí)與清醒時(shí)的生理差異中，呼吸控制方式所發(fā)生的變化非常引人矚目。
2)一些在呼吸時(shí)幫助上呼吸道打開(kāi)的肌肉在睡眠時(shí)會(huì)變得更放松。
3)令人痛苦的是放棄小型家族式家庭、轉(zhuǎn)而與幾十個(gè)陌生人一起移居到這些大型村莊中。這些習(xí)慣家庭自治和隨意遷徙的生活方式的人，不像今天的人們一樣擁有一些能夠處理人口密集問(wèn)題的文化傳統(tǒng)和行事準(zhǔn)則。
我自認(rèn)為通過(guò)上面的小測(cè)試，大家應(yīng)該能夠明白我想要表達(dá)的道理。對(duì)于做閱讀時(shí)遇到的一些句子，大家所理解的句意有時(shí)并不是這個(gè)句子的準(zhǔn)確句意。閱讀實(shí)力不足的同學(xué)，往往只會(huì)把句子的單詞堆砌在一起，然后拼湊成一個(gè)自己覺(jué)得差不多的句意(雖然從中文角度來(lái)看也狗屁不通)。對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)感比較在行的同學(xué)，會(huì)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)序調(diào)整(中英文句子的語(yǔ)序是不同的)，大部分句子理解起來(lái)都沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。但是再難一點(diǎn)的個(gè)別句子，除了要把握單詞的準(zhǔn)確意思、根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整句子語(yǔ)序幫助理解之外，還要加入一些“意譯”的成分，這個(gè)句子才能夠被100%的準(zhǔn)確還原成中文句意。
上述的情況不僅會(huì)發(fā)生在理解原文句子的時(shí)候，還會(huì)發(fā)生在理解題目、理解選項(xiàng)以及辨識(shí)原文與選項(xiàng)的改寫(xiě)時(shí)。這些解題關(guān)鍵的步驟中，如果出現(xiàn)理解的偏差，就會(huì)造成題目做錯(cuò)，讓大家產(chǎn)生“看懂但是做錯(cuò)”的誤解。
# 2
若上述前提條件成立，也就是你讀的非常懂，句意把握很準(zhǔn)確，那么這個(gè)時(shí)候再做錯(cuò)，就一定是面對(duì)題目和選項(xiàng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)的其他的問(wèn)題。
1)你可能是這樣子做錯(cuò)的
Paragraph 5: Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.
According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?
○There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.
○The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.
○The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.
○The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.
很多同學(xué)都會(huì)誤選A這個(gè)干擾選項(xiàng)，原因是回原文尋找答案信息的時(shí)候，沒(méi)有清楚的記住題目。題目問(wèn)的是“在NREM睡眠中吸氣特別困難時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么?”，而A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)的原句說(shuō)的是“during wakefulness”，很顯然并非題目所問(wèn)啊，典型的答非所問(wèn)。
2)你還可能是這樣做錯(cuò)的
Paragraph 2: Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops: flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.
According to paragraph 2, the increases demands on Dutch agriculture made by urban consumers had which of the following results?
○ Seasonal shortages of the products consumers most wanted
○ Increased production of high-quality grain products
○ Raised prices charged by peasants to urban consumers
○ Different ways of caring for dairy-producing animals
本題的干擾選項(xiàng)為C，選錯(cuò)的原因是，在判斷原文與選項(xiàng)的同義改寫(xiě)時(shí)，沒(méi)有看出選項(xiàng)與原文并非100%對(duì)應(yīng)。而且理解原文時(shí)，邏輯并不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。原文確實(shí)提到乳制品變得more expensive，但是卻并沒(méi)有說(shuō)是peasants對(duì)urban consumers的要價(jià)越來(lái)越高，其次原文也只是提到consumer們對(duì)于“比谷物價(jià)格更高的butter和cheese”的需求增大，而并未說(shuō)價(jià)格提高是由consumer的需求量增大而導(dǎo)致的，至少根據(jù)原文這一句話不能?chē)?yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)贸鲞@個(gè)結(jié)論。
當(dāng)然，做錯(cuò)題的情況和原因可能多種多樣，還有一些我并沒(méi)有列舉上來(lái)的，但無(wú)外乎理解和邏輯兩個(gè)方面啦!
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