Chapter 4
第四章
Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)
向現(xiàn)代英國(guó)的過(guò)渡
I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)
向現(xiàn)代英國(guó)的過(guò)渡(1455年-1485年)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House
of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized
by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of
Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country
under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism
received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開(kāi)斯特大家族和以白玫
瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開(kāi)斯特家族的后代
亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使英國(guó)的封建
主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。
II. The English Reformation
英國(guó)的宗教改革
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the
church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in
the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the
success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the
privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed
money.
最重要的是，亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會(huì)的宗教改革。改革原因有三個(gè)主要方面：改
革教會(huì)的渴望已有多年，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已到；
人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財(cái)富；亨利需要錢。
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from
the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the
Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s
connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England.
He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He
dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were
more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as
the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his
reform possible. He established the church of England as the national
church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the
church of England.
改革以爭(zhēng)取離婚而開(kāi)始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚
，但是教皇拒絕了。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國(guó)教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的
英格蘭教會(huì)。1529年至1534年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。他解散了所有英國(guó)的
修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔?duì)教皇比對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)王更忠誠(chéng)。1534年的《繼位法》和
1535年的《法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他獲“英格蘭教會(huì)首腦
”之稱號(hào)。
Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly
strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long
and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result.
His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of
the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards
protestaintism.
改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位；議會(huì)以
往從未做過(guò)如此漫長(zhǎng)而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；他對(duì)教皇權(quán)力的
打擊鼓舞許多人批評(píng)指責(zé)天主教會(huì)，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。