如果在每年報考大學四、六級(CET4& CET6)的數(shù)百萬莘莘學子當中做一項調(diào)查問卷來找出歷年試題中令他們頭痛的部分,我相信絕大多數(shù)的考生都會毫不猶豫地在“寫作”一項中涂上濃重的一筆。其實,這是一種認識上的誤區(qū)。眾所周知,四、六級作文的出題模式素來以“八股文”而著稱,這樣也就造就了其極強的可操作性,而它直接的體現(xiàn)就是不同體裁文章類型的模板的衍生?,F(xiàn)在市場上充斥著海量的類似輔導書籍,但其中具有系統(tǒng)性和科學性的精品可謂少之又少,魚目混珠和嘩眾取寵者倒是占據(jù)了大壁江山。為了使廣大飽受寫作折磨之苦的蕓蕓眾生早日擺脫困擾,我仔細研讀了歷年四、六級考試的寫作真題及相關(guān)的優(yōu)秀范文,經(jīng)過認真的研究和揣摸,終于總結(jié)出了一套完整的作文模板。在這里,我愿針對在考試中出現(xiàn)比率高的也是典型的議論文題型——正反闡釋題做一個詳細的講解,希望一方面可以起到拋磚引玉的作用,并同時為四、六級寫作部分教學的研發(fā)提供一些思路。
四、六級寫作中正反闡釋題的標志極其明顯,現(xiàn)列舉幾道真題如下:
2000年6月(四、六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?” The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.很多人認為有必要舉行英語口語考試,理由是……
2.也有人持不同意見,……
3.我的看法和打算
1999年6月(四、六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Reading Selectively or Extensively?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.有些人認為讀書要有選擇
2. 有些人認為應當博覽群書
3.我的看法
1995年6月(六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Should Firecrackers Be Banned?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有人認為放鞭炮是好事,為什么?
2. 有人認為放鞭炮是壞事,為什么?
3.我的看法
從上述三道真題我們不難看出:此等類型寫作題干部分皆由三點提綱組成:一部分為正方觀點,另一部分為反方觀點,后要求陳述考生個人觀點。據(jù)此,我們可以勾勒出這樣一個萬能模板:
Opening:
There is no consensus of opinions among people as toX(爭論的焦點)。Some people are of the view that (觀點1),while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that(觀點2)。
Body text:
A:Those people who maintain(觀點1)hold that(論據(jù)1)。They also claim that (論據(jù)2)。
B:Nevertheless, the other people who contend(觀點2)argue that(論據(jù)1)。They also point out that(論據(jù)2)。
Conclusion:
A: one-sided——As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, (論據(jù)1)……For another,(論據(jù)2)……When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that……。
B: Balanced——From the above discussion, I have to admit that there are merits to both sides of the issue. However, I would like to take a more neutral position. On the one hand, (針對觀點1立場或相關(guān)措施及建議)…; on the other hand,(針對觀點2立場或相關(guān)措施及建議)。
這張模板完全是按照四、六級大綱對于寫作的要求而量身定做的,內(nèi)里包含了一個高分作文所應具有的所有元素,現(xiàn)簡單分析如下:
1. 先聲奪人:
眾所周知,一篇寫作開頭的成功與否在很大程度上決定了這篇文章終的得分,因為它是考生留給閱卷考官的第一印象。如果這是一個積極的、正面的印象,那么它一旦形成,將很難再下來;反之亦然。該模板的第一段要達到的就是這個目的。雖然它只有兩句話構(gòu)成,但里面含括了許多可以使考官感到震撼的因子:第一句話是一個相當華麗且具有一定深度的議論文的經(jīng)典句式,一上來就可以給批卷者一種視覺上的沖擊和思想上的觸動,對考生的水平會在潛意識當中形成相當高的評價。第二句話由三個分句構(gòu)成,每一個分句都是一個亮點:第一個包括了be of 的結(jié)構(gòu),第二個是由while引導的比較狀語從句,第三個是由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的伴隨狀語,每一個都具有一定的復雜性。試想,這樣的兩句話讀下來,考官可能已經(jīng)有要給你滿分的沖動了。
2. 論點、論據(jù)和論證充分:
這是議論、說明性文體的靈魂所在。在主體段落中,每句話的開頭都是該段的主題句和中心思想,其后皆從兩個不同角度進行論證,充分詮釋了“起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合” 的意念。結(jié)尾段也是首先亮出自己的觀點,其后再從另外兩個或者三個不同角度去論證,這樣一來作者的觀點便有“證”可查,有“據(jù)”可依了。
3. 詞匯、句型具有多變性:
這是衡量一篇作文能否獲取高分的一個相當重要的衡量標尺。在該模板中多次出現(xiàn)了“認為”的字眼,但每詞匯都不同:believe, maintain, hold, claim, contend, argue, point out.為了追求句式多變的特點,還有意使用了be of the view的結(jié)構(gòu)。
4. 思維連貫,邏輯縝密。
這是通過模板中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和銜接手段所實現(xiàn)的。由于漢語和英語語言上的差異,絕大多數(shù)的中國考生都不善于使用表達各種含義——如轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進、對比—— 的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,而這正是導致他們大量丟分的一個致命的原因。銜接手段的缺乏也使思維形成了斷層,無法將通篇文章整和為一個具有緊密邏輯性的有機體。這篇模板的架構(gòu)從根本上杜絕了這種問題的產(chǎn)生。
5. 靈活選擇
在談論到個人觀點的時候,我們會有兩種選擇:一種是走向折衷,一種是倒向一邊。根據(jù)這樣兩種不同的可能性,我設計出了不同的結(jié)論段的模式,這樣也使得使用者有了更大選擇的空間和自由度。
6. 操作簡便。
這一點無疑是實用的。通篇模板只需考生自己寫出6-7句話:即正方觀點2句話、反方觀點2句話及結(jié)尾本人觀點的2至三句話。由于模板本身具有相當?shù)膹碗s性,考生再不必處心積慮地去想高深的用詞、玄妙的句型和句式,只要用簡單、凝煉的句子將自己的基本思想表達出來就可以了,這樣也在大的程度上避免了犯一些語法上的錯誤。
下面以一道模擬試題為例,具體演示一下它的實際應用。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Study abroad or in China?” You should write at least 150 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.很多人認為有志向的學生應當?shù)胶M饬魧W,理由是…
2.也有人持不同意見…
3. 我的看法
Study Abroad or in China?
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to whether students should study abroad or not. Some people are of the view that the youths should go overseas for further study if possible, while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that it is of no necessity for students to study in a foreign country.
Those people who maintain that it is good for students to go abroad for further study argue that diverse culture background can broaden students' horizon. They also claim that overseas study can shape students' personality because they are forced to deal with all kinds of difficulties by themselves.
Nevertheless, the other people who contend that domestic education is good enough for students argue that our educational quality has been greatly improved during the past decade. They also point out that domestic education is convenient and economical. As far as I am concerned, the former opinion holds more weight. For one thing, it can strengthen the learners' abilities to understand and communicate with people from other cultures. For another, the developed countries still have a lot advanced knowledge which is worth our study. When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that studying abroad is advisable.
既然是萬能模板,就說明只要屬于該類題型都可以依此操作。由于篇幅所限,這里僅舉上例作為說明。對于四、六級作文中其它幾種議論文體及應用文體模板的具體運用我會在今后的文章當中同大家進行共同的分享和探討。
四、六級寫作中正反闡釋題的標志極其明顯,現(xiàn)列舉幾道真題如下:
2000年6月(四、六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?” The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.很多人認為有必要舉行英語口語考試,理由是……
2.也有人持不同意見,……
3.我的看法和打算
1999年6月(四、六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Reading Selectively or Extensively?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.有些人認為讀書要有選擇
2. 有些人認為應當博覽群書
3.我的看法
1995年6月(六級)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Should Firecrackers Be Banned?” You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 有人認為放鞭炮是好事,為什么?
2. 有人認為放鞭炮是壞事,為什么?
3.我的看法
從上述三道真題我們不難看出:此等類型寫作題干部分皆由三點提綱組成:一部分為正方觀點,另一部分為反方觀點,后要求陳述考生個人觀點。據(jù)此,我們可以勾勒出這樣一個萬能模板:
Opening:
There is no consensus of opinions among people as toX(爭論的焦點)。Some people are of the view that (觀點1),while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that(觀點2)。
Body text:
A:Those people who maintain(觀點1)hold that(論據(jù)1)。They also claim that (論據(jù)2)。
B:Nevertheless, the other people who contend(觀點2)argue that(論據(jù)1)。They also point out that(論據(jù)2)。
Conclusion:
A: one-sided——As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, (論據(jù)1)……For another,(論據(jù)2)……When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that……。
B: Balanced——From the above discussion, I have to admit that there are merits to both sides of the issue. However, I would like to take a more neutral position. On the one hand, (針對觀點1立場或相關(guān)措施及建議)…; on the other hand,(針對觀點2立場或相關(guān)措施及建議)。
這張模板完全是按照四、六級大綱對于寫作的要求而量身定做的,內(nèi)里包含了一個高分作文所應具有的所有元素,現(xiàn)簡單分析如下:
1. 先聲奪人:
眾所周知,一篇寫作開頭的成功與否在很大程度上決定了這篇文章終的得分,因為它是考生留給閱卷考官的第一印象。如果這是一個積極的、正面的印象,那么它一旦形成,將很難再下來;反之亦然。該模板的第一段要達到的就是這個目的。雖然它只有兩句話構(gòu)成,但里面含括了許多可以使考官感到震撼的因子:第一句話是一個相當華麗且具有一定深度的議論文的經(jīng)典句式,一上來就可以給批卷者一種視覺上的沖擊和思想上的觸動,對考生的水平會在潛意識當中形成相當高的評價。第二句話由三個分句構(gòu)成,每一個分句都是一個亮點:第一個包括了be of 的結(jié)構(gòu),第二個是由while引導的比較狀語從句,第三個是由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的伴隨狀語,每一個都具有一定的復雜性。試想,這樣的兩句話讀下來,考官可能已經(jīng)有要給你滿分的沖動了。
2. 論點、論據(jù)和論證充分:
這是議論、說明性文體的靈魂所在。在主體段落中,每句話的開頭都是該段的主題句和中心思想,其后皆從兩個不同角度進行論證,充分詮釋了“起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合” 的意念。結(jié)尾段也是首先亮出自己的觀點,其后再從另外兩個或者三個不同角度去論證,這樣一來作者的觀點便有“證”可查,有“據(jù)”可依了。
3. 詞匯、句型具有多變性:
這是衡量一篇作文能否獲取高分的一個相當重要的衡量標尺。在該模板中多次出現(xiàn)了“認為”的字眼,但每詞匯都不同:believe, maintain, hold, claim, contend, argue, point out.為了追求句式多變的特點,還有意使用了be of the view的結(jié)構(gòu)。
4. 思維連貫,邏輯縝密。
這是通過模板中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和銜接手段所實現(xiàn)的。由于漢語和英語語言上的差異,絕大多數(shù)的中國考生都不善于使用表達各種含義——如轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、遞進、對比—— 的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,而這正是導致他們大量丟分的一個致命的原因。銜接手段的缺乏也使思維形成了斷層,無法將通篇文章整和為一個具有緊密邏輯性的有機體。這篇模板的架構(gòu)從根本上杜絕了這種問題的產(chǎn)生。
5. 靈活選擇
在談論到個人觀點的時候,我們會有兩種選擇:一種是走向折衷,一種是倒向一邊。根據(jù)這樣兩種不同的可能性,我設計出了不同的結(jié)論段的模式,這樣也使得使用者有了更大選擇的空間和自由度。
6. 操作簡便。
這一點無疑是實用的。通篇模板只需考生自己寫出6-7句話:即正方觀點2句話、反方觀點2句話及結(jié)尾本人觀點的2至三句話。由于模板本身具有相當?shù)膹碗s性,考生再不必處心積慮地去想高深的用詞、玄妙的句型和句式,只要用簡單、凝煉的句子將自己的基本思想表達出來就可以了,這樣也在大的程度上避免了犯一些語法上的錯誤。
下面以一道模擬試題為例,具體演示一下它的實際應用。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “Study abroad or in China?” You should write at least 150 words, and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1.很多人認為有志向的學生應當?shù)胶M饬魧W,理由是…
2.也有人持不同意見…
3. 我的看法
Study Abroad or in China?
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to whether students should study abroad or not. Some people are of the view that the youths should go overseas for further study if possible, while others take an opposite stand, firmly believing that it is of no necessity for students to study in a foreign country.
Those people who maintain that it is good for students to go abroad for further study argue that diverse culture background can broaden students' horizon. They also claim that overseas study can shape students' personality because they are forced to deal with all kinds of difficulties by themselves.
Nevertheless, the other people who contend that domestic education is good enough for students argue that our educational quality has been greatly improved during the past decade. They also point out that domestic education is convenient and economical. As far as I am concerned, the former opinion holds more weight. For one thing, it can strengthen the learners' abilities to understand and communicate with people from other cultures. For another, the developed countries still have a lot advanced knowledge which is worth our study. When all the factors are examined, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that studying abroad is advisable.
既然是萬能模板,就說明只要屬于該類題型都可以依此操作。由于篇幅所限,這里僅舉上例作為說明。對于四、六級作文中其它幾種議論文體及應用文體模板的具體運用我會在今后的文章當中同大家進行共同的分享和探討。