Kidney disease and heart disease spur each other
Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on' the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too
The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.
The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
1. How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease?
A By cholesterol checks.
B By urine and blood tests.
C By keeping a close eye on one's kidneys.
D By measuring the volume of urine output.
2. How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?
A 19,000,000 B 400,000 C 50,000 D 37, 000
3. How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?
A 400,000. B 300,000. C 200,000. D 100，000.
4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do?
A To examine their patients' heart function carefully.
B To have their patients' chests X-rayed regularly.
C To select volunteers from their patients for a kidney screening.
D To start rigorously checking out their patients' kidneys.
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function?
A Levels of the protein albumin in the urine.
B Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.
C The rate at which kidneys filter blood.
D. whether one is anemic or not
答案與解析：
1.分析文章標(biāo)題：Kidney(腎) disease(疾病) and heart disease spur(刺激) each other(彼此)
2.直接解題：
1. How can one learn(了解) earlier(更早地) whether(是否) he or she suffer(患) simmering(慢慢形成的) kidney(腎) disease?
A By cholesterol(膽固醇) checks(檢查).
B By urine(尿) and blood(血) tests(檢查).
C By keeping a close eye on (密切關(guān)注)one's kidneys.
D By measuring(測(cè)量) the volume(量) of urine output(輸出).
1.B.利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)及備選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(放在方框里的結(jié)構(gòu))共同作為答案線(xiàn)索，在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too
(第2段)The work, from two studies(研究) involving(包括) over 50,000 patients(病人), promises(承諾，有希望) to boost(推進(jìn)， 加強(qiáng)) efforts(努力) to diagnose(診斷) simmering kidney disease earlier. All it (考點(diǎn)詞)takes(采用) are urine and blood tests that cost (花費(fèi))less than (少于) $ 25, something (提議者)want to become as routine(常規(guī)的) as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
1.B. 第2段第1句和第2句說(shuō)
2. How many (多少)Americans(美國(guó)人) suffer(患) chronic(慢性的) kidney disease according to (根據(jù))an estimation(估計(jì))?
A 19,000,000 B 400,000 C 50,000 D 37, 000
2.A. 利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(chronic kidney disease)及備選項(xiàng)中的數(shù)字共同作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
(第一題答案相關(guān)句)The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet(安靜的) epidemic(流行病), many of the 19 million Americans estimated(估計(jì)) to have(患) it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
第3段段首句說(shuō)：在估計(jì)患有慢性病腎病的1，900萬(wàn)美國(guó)人中很多人不知道自己患有該病， 因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。
3. How many Americans suffered(患) end-stage(中晚期) kidney failure(衰竭) and required dialysis(透析) or a transplant(移植) to survive(生存) twenty years ago(以前) according to an estimation(估計(jì)， 預(yù)算)?
A 400,000. B 300,000. C 200,000. D 100，000.
3.D. 利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(end-stage kidney failure, twenty years ago)及備選項(xiàng)中的數(shù)字共同作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
(第2題答案相關(guān)句)Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising(出現(xiàn)，上升) fast, with 400,000 people requiring(要求) dialysis (透析)or transplant(移植) to survive, a toll(數(shù)字) that has doubled(翻倍， 使加倍) in each of (每個(gè)的)the last(過(guò)去的) two decades(10年).
第3段最后一句說(shuō)“中晚期腎衰竭迅速發(fā)展，有40萬(wàn)人需要腎透析或腎移植才能生存下來(lái)， 這個(gè)數(shù)字是在近20年中每年翻一番而形成的”，由此可計(jì)算出20年以前患腎衰竭的病人人數(shù)為40萬(wàn)/4 = 10萬(wàn)。
4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine (內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)檔案)call for (要求)doctors caring for (照顧)heart patients to do?
A To examine(檢查) their patients' heart function(功能) carefully(仔細(xì)地).
B To have their patients' chests X-rayed(讓...被拍攝X 光) regularly(定期地).
C To select(挑選) volunteers (志愿者)from their patients(病人) for a kidney screening(透視).
D To start(開(kāi)始) rigorously(嚴(yán)格地) checking out (檢查)their patients' kidneys(腎).
4.D. 利用問(wèn)題句中的特征結(jié)構(gòu)(Archives of Internal Medicine)作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged.(第3題答案相關(guān)句) End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed(的確，確實(shí)), the new research(研究) is highlighted (使突出)in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for (要求)doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously (嚴(yán)格地)checking out (檢查)the kidneys, and for better care of (照顧， 檢查)early(早期的) kidney disease(疾病 ).
第4段最后一句說(shuō)“《內(nèi)科檔案》雜志號(hào)召為心臟病人治病的醫(yī)生要開(kāi)始嚴(yán)格地檢查病人的腎”，因此D是答案。
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers(標(biāo)志) of kidney function(功能)?
A Levels(水平， 含量) of the protein(蛋白質(zhì)) albumin(白蛋白) in the urine(尿).
B Levels of the white blood cells(白細(xì)胞) in the blood(血液).
C The rate(比率) at which kidneys filter(滲透) blood.
D. whether (是否)one is anemic(貧血的) or not
5.B. 利用問(wèn)題句中出現(xiàn)的涉及到數(shù)字的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(three markers of kidney function)作為答案線(xiàn)索， 同時(shí)關(guān)注備選項(xiàng)中的詞語(yǔ)/結(jié)構(gòu)是否在答案線(xiàn)索結(jié)構(gòu)所在的語(yǔ)句中， 或答案線(xiàn)索結(jié)構(gòu)所在的周邊的語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)了：
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known.(第4題答案相關(guān)句) Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.
The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked(檢查): The rate at which kidneys filter(滲透) blood, called (被稱(chēng)為...的)the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels(含量) of the protein albumin (白蛋白)in the urine; and if they were anemic(貧血的). They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第2段中第2句可以直接判定答案。 只有選項(xiàng)B沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在該句中。
Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on' the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too
The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.
The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
1. How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease?
A By cholesterol checks.
B By urine and blood tests.
C By keeping a close eye on one's kidneys.
D By measuring the volume of urine output.
2. How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?
A 19,000,000 B 400,000 C 50,000 D 37, 000
3. How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?
A 400,000. B 300,000. C 200,000. D 100，000.
4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do?
A To examine their patients' heart function carefully.
B To have their patients' chests X-rayed regularly.
C To select volunteers from their patients for a kidney screening.
D To start rigorously checking out their patients' kidneys.
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function?
A Levels of the protein albumin in the urine.
B Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.
C The rate at which kidneys filter blood.
D. whether one is anemic or not
答案與解析：
1.分析文章標(biāo)題：Kidney(腎) disease(疾病) and heart disease spur(刺激) each other(彼此)
2.直接解題：
1. How can one learn(了解) earlier(更早地) whether(是否) he or she suffer(患) simmering(慢慢形成的) kidney(腎) disease?
A By cholesterol(膽固醇) checks(檢查).
B By urine(尿) and blood(血) tests(檢查).
C By keeping a close eye on (密切關(guān)注)one's kidneys.
D By measuring(測(cè)量) the volume(量) of urine output(輸出).
1.B.利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)及備選項(xiàng)中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(放在方框里的結(jié)構(gòu))共同作為答案線(xiàn)索，在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
Hearts and kidneys; If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction，too
(第2段)The work, from two studies(研究) involving(包括) over 50,000 patients(病人), promises(承諾，有希望) to boost(推進(jìn)， 加強(qiáng)) efforts(努力) to diagnose(診斷) simmering kidney disease earlier. All it (考點(diǎn)詞)takes(采用) are urine and blood tests that cost (花費(fèi))less than (少于) $ 25, something (提議者)want to become as routine(常規(guī)的) as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
1.B. 第2段第1句和第2句說(shuō)
2. How many (多少)Americans(美國(guó)人) suffer(患) chronic(慢性的) kidney disease according to (根據(jù))an estimation(估計(jì))?
A 19,000,000 B 400,000 C 50,000 D 37, 000
2.A. 利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(chronic kidney disease)及備選項(xiàng)中的數(shù)字共同作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
(第一題答案相關(guān)句)The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. “The average patients knows their cholesterol,” says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan’s William Beaumont Hospital. “The average patient has no idea of their kidney function.”
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet(安靜的) epidemic(流行病), many of the 19 million Americans estimated(估計(jì)) to have(患) it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
第3段段首句說(shuō)：在估計(jì)患有慢性病腎病的1，900萬(wàn)美國(guó)人中很多人不知道自己患有該病， 因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。
3. How many Americans suffered(患) end-stage(中晚期) kidney failure(衰竭) and required dialysis(透析) or a transplant(移植) to survive(生存) twenty years ago(以前) according to an estimation(估計(jì)， 預(yù)算)?
A 400,000. B 300,000. C 200,000. D 100，000.
3.D. 利用問(wèn)題句中的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(end-stage kidney failure, twenty years ago)及備選項(xiàng)中的數(shù)字共同作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
(第2題答案相關(guān)句)Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising(出現(xiàn)，上升) fast, with 400,000 people requiring(要求) dialysis (透析)or transplant(移植) to survive, a toll(數(shù)字) that has doubled(翻倍， 使加倍) in each of (每個(gè)的)the last(過(guò)去的) two decades(10年).
第3段最后一句說(shuō)“中晚期腎衰竭迅速發(fā)展，有40萬(wàn)人需要腎透析或腎移植才能生存下來(lái)， 這個(gè)數(shù)字是在近20年中每年翻一番而形成的”，由此可計(jì)算出20年以前患腎衰竭的病人人數(shù)為40萬(wàn)/4 = 10萬(wàn)。
4. What did the Archives of Internal Medicine (內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)檔案)call for (要求)doctors caring for (照顧)heart patients to do?
A To examine(檢查) their patients' heart function(功能) carefully(仔細(xì)地).
B To have their patients' chests X-rayed(讓...被拍攝X 光) regularly(定期地).
C To select(挑選) volunteers (志愿者)from their patients(病人) for a kidney screening(透視).
D To start(開(kāi)始) rigorously(嚴(yán)格地) checking out (檢查)their patients' kidneys(腎).
4.D. 利用問(wèn)題句中的特征結(jié)構(gòu)(Archives of Internal Medicine)作為答案線(xiàn)索， 在文章中查找答案相關(guān)句：
Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic, many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don’t know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren’t obvious until the organs are very damaged.(第3題答案相關(guān)句) End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known. Indeed(的確，確實(shí)), the new research(研究) is highlighted (使突出)in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for (要求)doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously (嚴(yán)格地)checking out (檢查)the kidneys, and for better care of (照顧， 檢查)early(早期的) kidney disease(疾病 ).
第4段最后一句說(shuō)“《內(nèi)科檔案》雜志號(hào)召為心臟病人治病的醫(yī)生要開(kāi)始嚴(yán)格地檢查病人的腎”，因此D是答案。
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers(標(biāo)志) of kidney function(功能)?
A Levels(水平， 含量) of the protein(蛋白質(zhì)) albumin(白蛋白) in the urine(尿).
B Levels of the white blood cells(白細(xì)胞) in the blood(血液).
C The rate(比率) at which kidneys filter(滲透) blood.
D. whether (是否)one is anemic(貧血的) or not
5.B. 利用問(wèn)題句中出現(xiàn)的涉及到數(shù)字的細(xì)節(jié)信息結(jié)構(gòu)(three markers of kidney function)作為答案線(xiàn)索， 同時(shí)關(guān)注備選項(xiàng)中的詞語(yǔ)/結(jié)構(gòu)是否在答案線(xiàn)索結(jié)構(gòu)所在的語(yǔ)句中， 或答案線(xiàn)索結(jié)構(gòu)所在的周邊的語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)了：
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidney disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn’t widely known.(第4題答案相關(guān)句) Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease.
The link sounds logical. After all , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors' both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond' those risk factors, stresses McCullough; Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn'' accelerates disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly age. " McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37, 000 relatively young people -rage age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked(檢查): The rate at which kidneys filter(滲透) blood, called (被稱(chēng)為...的)the GFR or glomerular filtration rate" t; levels(含量) of the protein albumin (白蛋白)in the urine; and if they were anemic(貧血的). They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the striking markers were worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. “This study is very much a wake-up call,” McCullough says.
根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第2段中第2句可以直接判定答案。 只有選項(xiàng)B沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)在該句中。