Clauses - Restrictive and Nonrestrictive
限制性從句與非限制性從句
1. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Defined. Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. Compare the following examples.
含義。限制性從句限定前面主句的含義，而非限制性從句僅講述與前面的主句相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，但并不對前面的主句進(jìn)行限定。比較下面的例句：
Correct Restrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.
Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways: we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup, we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.
請注意：上句中的主語suspect以兩種方式進(jìn)行了限定：在排隊(duì)和有紅色頭發(fā)。因此，我們可以知道，其它不在隊(duì)列中的嫌疑犯沒有參與犯罪。而且，在嫌疑犯隊(duì)列中，只有有紅色頭發(fā)的才參與了犯罪。如果隊(duì)列中不止一人有紅色頭發(fā)，則上述例句的用法是不正確的，因?yàn)樗嬗衅渌暮x。
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.
In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one possibility.
在例句中，限制語in the lineup告訴我們，在所有可能的嫌疑犯中，參與犯罪的嫌疑犯在隊(duì)列中。盡管非限制性從句who owns a red car告訴了我們關(guān)于嫌疑犯的若干資料，但是并不能排除在隊(duì)列中其它嫌疑犯也擁有red car。車身的顏色可能告訴我們一些有用的東西，但無法限定到僅僅一種可能。
2. When choosing between "that" and "which," use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. Although some writers use "which" to introduce a restrictive clause, the traditional practice is to use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. When writing a restrictive clause, do not place a comma before "that." When writing a nonrestrictive clause, do place a comma before "which."
盡管有些作者用which來引入限制性從句，但是傳統(tǒng)用法還是用that來引入限制性從句，而用which來引入非限制性從句。使用限制性從句時(shí)，that 前一定不要用逗號(hào)，而使用非限制性從句時(shí)，which 前一定要用逗號(hào)。
Correct Restrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints, which were less than 60 days old.
These sentences have different meanings as well as different punctuation. In the restrictive sentence, the store honored only those complaints less than 60 days old, but not those over 60 days old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.
這兩個(gè)句子含義不同，所用標(biāo)點(diǎn)也不同。在限制性從句中，商店只處理不超過60天的投訴；而在非限制性從句中，商店處理了所有的投訴，這些投訴都是60天內(nèi)發(fā)生的。
3. Place proper punctuation around nonrestrictive clauses, but do not place punctuation around restrictive clauses. When a nonrestrictive clause appears in the middle of a sentence, place commas around it. When a nonrestrictive clause appears at the end of a sentence, place a comma before it and a period after it. Do not punctuate restrictive clauses.
在非限制性從句中可以使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)，但在限制性從句中則不可以使用。當(dāng)非限制性成分在句子中間出現(xiàn)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)在它前面和后面加逗號(hào)。當(dāng)非限制性成分出現(xiàn)在句末時(shí)，在它前面加逗號(hào)，后面加句號(hào)。不要在限制性從句中使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)。
Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry, is now considered a classic.
Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen drawer.
Correct Punctuation of Restrictive Clause:
The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one to which we referred in the contract.
限制性從句與非限制性從句
1. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Defined. Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. Compare the following examples.
含義。限制性從句限定前面主句的含義，而非限制性從句僅講述與前面的主句相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，但并不對前面的主句進(jìn)行限定。比較下面的例句：
Correct Restrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.
Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways: we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup, we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.
請注意：上句中的主語suspect以兩種方式進(jìn)行了限定：在排隊(duì)和有紅色頭發(fā)。因此，我們可以知道，其它不在隊(duì)列中的嫌疑犯沒有參與犯罪。而且，在嫌疑犯隊(duì)列中，只有有紅色頭發(fā)的才參與了犯罪。如果隊(duì)列中不止一人有紅色頭發(fā)，則上述例句的用法是不正確的，因?yàn)樗嬗衅渌暮x。
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.
In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one possibility.
在例句中，限制語in the lineup告訴我們，在所有可能的嫌疑犯中，參與犯罪的嫌疑犯在隊(duì)列中。盡管非限制性從句who owns a red car告訴了我們關(guān)于嫌疑犯的若干資料，但是并不能排除在隊(duì)列中其它嫌疑犯也擁有red car。車身的顏色可能告訴我們一些有用的東西，但無法限定到僅僅一種可能。
2. When choosing between "that" and "which," use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. Although some writers use "which" to introduce a restrictive clause, the traditional practice is to use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. When writing a restrictive clause, do not place a comma before "that." When writing a nonrestrictive clause, do place a comma before "which."
盡管有些作者用which來引入限制性從句，但是傳統(tǒng)用法還是用that來引入限制性從句，而用which來引入非限制性從句。使用限制性從句時(shí)，that 前一定不要用逗號(hào)，而使用非限制性從句時(shí)，which 前一定要用逗號(hào)。
Correct Restrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints, which were less than 60 days old.
These sentences have different meanings as well as different punctuation. In the restrictive sentence, the store honored only those complaints less than 60 days old, but not those over 60 days old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.
這兩個(gè)句子含義不同，所用標(biāo)點(diǎn)也不同。在限制性從句中，商店只處理不超過60天的投訴；而在非限制性從句中，商店處理了所有的投訴，這些投訴都是60天內(nèi)發(fā)生的。
3. Place proper punctuation around nonrestrictive clauses, but do not place punctuation around restrictive clauses. When a nonrestrictive clause appears in the middle of a sentence, place commas around it. When a nonrestrictive clause appears at the end of a sentence, place a comma before it and a period after it. Do not punctuate restrictive clauses.
在非限制性從句中可以使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)，但在限制性從句中則不可以使用。當(dāng)非限制性成分在句子中間出現(xiàn)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)在它前面和后面加逗號(hào)。當(dāng)非限制性成分出現(xiàn)在句末時(shí)，在它前面加逗號(hào)，后面加句號(hào)。不要在限制性從句中使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)。
Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry, is now considered a classic.
Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:
The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen drawer.
Correct Punctuation of Restrictive Clause:
The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one to which we referred in the contract.