被動語態(tài)
提起英語被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)， 大家可能會想到英語中的相應結(jié)構(gòu)“be + ved（be + 動詞的過去分詞）”。如果這個語法結(jié)構(gòu)在英語句子中充當句子謂語， 則這個結(jié)構(gòu)用于表示句子主語與句子謂語動詞之間是一種被動的關系， 即句子的主語是謂語動詞所表示動作的承受者。這個語法結(jié)構(gòu)可對應地翻譯成中文中的“被/由/受到/遭到 + 動詞 ”， 如：
有上述例子可以看出中英文在被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式上有很大的不同：
中文被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：被/由/受到/遭到等表示被動含義的詞 + 動詞
英語被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：be（會出現(xiàn)形態(tài)的變化） + ved（動詞的過去分詞）
中英文被動語態(tài)的使用情況也存在較大的不同：英語中被動語態(tài)使用頻繁，而中文中被動語態(tài)使用較少， 而主動語態(tài)使用較多。 被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作與動作承受者（主語）之間的相互關系，突出話語的客觀性， 因此在科技英語中使用頻繁，在歷年職稱英語各個類別的考題中被動語態(tài)也出現(xiàn)頻率極高， 而且還常常作為直接考點出現(xiàn)在職稱英語試題的各種考題中， 因此是職稱英語的核心語法之一。
（2008年綜合類B/A級級概括大意與完成句子考題）
A New Citizenship Test
1 Last week, a sample of the new US citizenship（公民身份）exam was released by the US Citizenship and immigration Services（US-CIS）. It will be tried out in 10 cities early next year to replace the current test in 2008. Instead of asking how many stripes the US flag has, as the current test does, the new one asks why there are 13 stripes. Instead of having to name the branches of government, an applicant is asked to explain why there are three.
2 “The goal is to make it more meaningful,” explains Emilio Gonzalez, director of the US-CIS. Immigrants who pass it are expected to have a better “understanding and respect” for US civic（公民的）values, Gonzales says.
3 The US isn't the only country dealing with citizenship tests that aim to get a “shared commitment” from immigrants for their adopted country's “values”. In recent years, in addition to the usual requirement of language/work skills and economic status, several European countries have adopted citizenship tests. Britain introduced a new citizenship test last November. In March, a new Dutch law took effect requiring all would-be immigrants to take a citizenship test. It involved watching a video showing nude（*）women bathing at beaches and gay（同性戀的）men kissing in public. The aim was to ensure that “newcomers will be comfortable with the country's liberal social mores（風俗）”.
4 Europe has been known for welcoming immigrants for decades. But, today, the fact is that some immigrants are kept apart from local citizens by culture and they become hostile to each other. Promoting integration has become a major concern for European countries, after the rioting in Muslim Ghettoes（少數(shù)民族聚居區(qū)）in France and the killing of Dutch public figures by religious extremists.
5 Officials believe that a person's attachment to a country can be tested by his or her knowledge of the country. However, some critics say that the changes can do little to help people assimilate（同化） themselves. “Immigration is a culture war today. Is giving a new test the right way to lessen the accusations in that fight?” says Ali Noorani, of the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition（難民辯護聯(lián)盟）.
提示：
被動語態(tài)中常由介詞by引出動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)后出現(xiàn)的介詞by通常理解為“被，受到， 遭到”等。
有時為了譯文的通順， 可能會遵循中文表達的習慣，把英文原文中的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)直接翻譯成中文中的主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。
英語被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)后常跟出介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)或不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
該句在翻譯時， 為了表達清晰， 翻譯出了動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)（having to）的邏輯主語– an applicant.
非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是職稱英語的核心語法， 考生在語法復習中需要掌握。
譯文：歐洲數(shù)十年來一直因為對外來移民持一種歡迎的態(tài)度而出名。
by his or her knowledge of the country.
譯文：政府官員們相信一個人是否喜歡一個國家可以憑借他或她對這個國家的知識了解有多少而被測試出來。
該句中的介詞by引出的是“測試的手段”， 因此翻譯為“憑借”。
提起英語被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)， 大家可能會想到英語中的相應結(jié)構(gòu)“be + ved（be + 動詞的過去分詞）”。如果這個語法結(jié)構(gòu)在英語句子中充當句子謂語， 則這個結(jié)構(gòu)用于表示句子主語與句子謂語動詞之間是一種被動的關系， 即句子的主語是謂語動詞所表示動作的承受者。這個語法結(jié)構(gòu)可對應地翻譯成中文中的“被/由/受到/遭到 + 動詞 ”， 如：
有上述例子可以看出中英文在被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式上有很大的不同：
中文被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：被/由/受到/遭到等表示被動含義的詞 + 動詞
英語被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：be（會出現(xiàn)形態(tài)的變化） + ved（動詞的過去分詞）
中英文被動語態(tài)的使用情況也存在較大的不同：英語中被動語態(tài)使用頻繁，而中文中被動語態(tài)使用較少， 而主動語態(tài)使用較多。 被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作與動作承受者（主語）之間的相互關系，突出話語的客觀性， 因此在科技英語中使用頻繁，在歷年職稱英語各個類別的考題中被動語態(tài)也出現(xiàn)頻率極高， 而且還常常作為直接考點出現(xiàn)在職稱英語試題的各種考題中， 因此是職稱英語的核心語法之一。
（2008年綜合類B/A級級概括大意與完成句子考題）
A New Citizenship Test
1 Last week, a sample of the new US citizenship（公民身份）exam was released by the US Citizenship and immigration Services（US-CIS）. It will be tried out in 10 cities early next year to replace the current test in 2008. Instead of asking how many stripes the US flag has, as the current test does, the new one asks why there are 13 stripes. Instead of having to name the branches of government, an applicant is asked to explain why there are three.
2 “The goal is to make it more meaningful,” explains Emilio Gonzalez, director of the US-CIS. Immigrants who pass it are expected to have a better “understanding and respect” for US civic（公民的）values, Gonzales says.
3 The US isn't the only country dealing with citizenship tests that aim to get a “shared commitment” from immigrants for their adopted country's “values”. In recent years, in addition to the usual requirement of language/work skills and economic status, several European countries have adopted citizenship tests. Britain introduced a new citizenship test last November. In March, a new Dutch law took effect requiring all would-be immigrants to take a citizenship test. It involved watching a video showing nude（*）women bathing at beaches and gay（同性戀的）men kissing in public. The aim was to ensure that “newcomers will be comfortable with the country's liberal social mores（風俗）”.
4 Europe has been known for welcoming immigrants for decades. But, today, the fact is that some immigrants are kept apart from local citizens by culture and they become hostile to each other. Promoting integration has become a major concern for European countries, after the rioting in Muslim Ghettoes（少數(shù)民族聚居區(qū)）in France and the killing of Dutch public figures by religious extremists.
5 Officials believe that a person's attachment to a country can be tested by his or her knowledge of the country. However, some critics say that the changes can do little to help people assimilate（同化） themselves. “Immigration is a culture war today. Is giving a new test the right way to lessen the accusations in that fight?” says Ali Noorani, of the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition（難民辯護聯(lián)盟）.
提示：
被動語態(tài)中常由介詞by引出動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)后出現(xiàn)的介詞by通常理解為“被，受到， 遭到”等。
有時為了譯文的通順， 可能會遵循中文表達的習慣，把英文原文中的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)直接翻譯成中文中的主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。
英語被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)后常跟出介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)或不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
該句在翻譯時， 為了表達清晰， 翻譯出了動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)（having to）的邏輯主語– an applicant.
非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是職稱英語的核心語法， 考生在語法復習中需要掌握。
譯文：歐洲數(shù)十年來一直因為對外來移民持一種歡迎的態(tài)度而出名。
by his or her knowledge of the country.
譯文：政府官員們相信一個人是否喜歡一個國家可以憑借他或她對這個國家的知識了解有多少而被測試出來。
該句中的介詞by引出的是“測試的手段”， 因此翻譯為“憑借”。