選擇題樣題：
Sample 1：
Which sub division of logistics applies to the return of used packaging for recycling？
A. reverse logistics
B. inbound logistics
C. internal logistics
D. outbound logistics
物流的哪個(gè)部分適用于回收包裝材料以便循環(huán)利用？
A. 逆向物流
B. 進(jìn)貨物流
C. 內(nèi)部物流
D. 出貨物流
Sample 2：
B2B means one of the following：
A. Buyer to business
B. Business to business
C. Buyer to buyer
D. Business to buyer
B2B是指：
A. 買主對(duì)企業(yè)（Buyer to business）
B. 企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)（Business to business）
C. 買主對(duì)買主（Buyer to buyer）
D. 企業(yè)對(duì)買主（Business to buyer）
Sample 3：
The main component of “user benefits” is：
A. Cheaper travel
B. Fewer journeys
C. A more frequent service
D. Shorter journey times
“使用者的利益”的主要部分是：
A. 比較便宜的旅費(fèi)
B. 比較少的旅行
C. 更為頻繁的服務(wù)
D. 短途旅行的次數(shù)
案例分析題：
Case Study 案例背景
A manufacturing company in Beijing has recently improved profitability by introducing a Just in Time （JIT） system of distribution for its products which allows them to reduce inventory. They also introduced an advanced planning and scheduling system （APS）， which enables them to plan production more accurately and reduce production delays.
北京某家生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)最近在產(chǎn)品分銷中通過(guò)引入準(zhǔn)時(shí)制（JIT）系統(tǒng)，減少了庫(kù)存，提高了利潤(rùn)率。該企業(yè)還引入了一套先進(jìn)計(jì)劃與排程系統(tǒng)（APS），使得他們能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)更精確的排產(chǎn)，并減少生產(chǎn)延遲。
This new system has reduced planning time dramatically and led to a reduction in the amount of stock needed to cover unforeseen demand. （This stock is termed ‘safety stock’）。 It has also enabled the company to cut out many other non-essential costs from their production process.
這套新系統(tǒng)使得該企業(yè)極大地縮短了計(jì)劃時(shí)間，減少了滿足不可預(yù)測(cè)需求的庫(kù)存（這種庫(kù)存稱為“安全庫(kù)存”），同時(shí)去除了生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中許多不必要的費(fèi)用。
Reports are generated on a daily basis to inform the managers where production delays are still occurring in order that they can act to reduce delays even further. Other reports inform managers of expected changes to the work schedule in order that the workforce and the plant are able to meet any demands upon them resulting from fluctuating customer requirements.
向管理人員提交有關(guān)仍然存在生產(chǎn)延遲的每日?qǐng)?bào)告，以便他們能夠采取行動(dòng)進(jìn)一步減少生產(chǎn)延遲。管理人員還將得到有關(guān)生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度預(yù)期變化的報(bào)告，以便生產(chǎn)人員和企業(yè)能夠滿足波動(dòng)的顧客需求。
These improvements have enabled the company to offer customers improved service levels at lower cost and has led to the staff feeling that they are more involved and better informed about the running of the company.
這些改進(jìn)使該企業(yè)能以較低的成本向顧客提供更好的服務(wù)，同時(shí)讓員工感到參與更多、更加清楚公司的運(yùn)作。
The company is now experiencing a major upturn in it‘s customer base， general productivity and profitability and a reduction in staff absenteeism.
目前，該企業(yè)的客戶群、整體生產(chǎn)率和利潤(rùn)率都有著明顯的好轉(zhuǎn)，而員工的曠工情況明顯減少。
Questions 問(wèn)題
1. The manufacturing company has introduced a Just in Time system of distribution. Briefly explain what is meant by Just in Time distribution.
1.該企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品分銷中引入了準(zhǔn)時(shí)制系統(tǒng)。請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要解釋準(zhǔn)時(shí)制分銷（Just in Time distribution）。
答案要點(diǎn)：
1、減少浪費(fèi)正確的時(shí)間、正確的地點(diǎn)產(chǎn)出正確的產(chǎn)品；
2、提高對(duì)客戶的服務(wù)水平；
3、提高利潤(rùn)率和投資回報(bào)率，并通過(guò)減少庫(kù)存水平；
4、建立物料流程。
2. Just in Time methods had helped the company to reduce inventory. Why do you think this has happened？
2. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)制方法幫助該企業(yè)減少了庫(kù)存，你認(rèn)為為什么會(huì)這樣？
答案要點(diǎn)：減少浪費(fèi)，通過(guò)提高庫(kù)存周轉(zhuǎn)率、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、縮短生產(chǎn)及交付周期，實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)率的提高。這些因素與通過(guò)建立物料流程而提高的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量共同減少了缺陷和其它比如損壞或回收等的浪費(fèi)。準(zhǔn)時(shí)制通常應(yīng)用于重復(fù)性生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，比如一個(gè)生產(chǎn)線，來(lái)建立物料流程，必然能實(shí)現(xiàn)庫(kù)存量的減少。
3. Production planning was seen as an essential element in improving efficiency. Why might that be the case？
3.生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的編制被認(rèn)為是提高效率的關(guān)鍵因素，為什么？
答案要點(diǎn)：
1、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃是關(guān)于為滿足需求變化，以便能提前應(yīng)對(duì)需求變化的發(fā)生。
2、使得企業(yè)能根據(jù)需要調(diào)整員工數(shù)量水平
3、使企業(yè)啟用可能出現(xiàn)的對(duì)額外資源的需求。
Sample 1：
Which sub division of logistics applies to the return of used packaging for recycling？
A. reverse logistics
B. inbound logistics
C. internal logistics
D. outbound logistics
物流的哪個(gè)部分適用于回收包裝材料以便循環(huán)利用？
A. 逆向物流
B. 進(jìn)貨物流
C. 內(nèi)部物流
D. 出貨物流
Sample 2：
B2B means one of the following：
A. Buyer to business
B. Business to business
C. Buyer to buyer
D. Business to buyer
B2B是指：
A. 買主對(duì)企業(yè)（Buyer to business）
B. 企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)（Business to business）
C. 買主對(duì)買主（Buyer to buyer）
D. 企業(yè)對(duì)買主（Business to buyer）
Sample 3：
The main component of “user benefits” is：
A. Cheaper travel
B. Fewer journeys
C. A more frequent service
D. Shorter journey times
“使用者的利益”的主要部分是：
A. 比較便宜的旅費(fèi)
B. 比較少的旅行
C. 更為頻繁的服務(wù)
D. 短途旅行的次數(shù)
案例分析題：
Case Study 案例背景
A manufacturing company in Beijing has recently improved profitability by introducing a Just in Time （JIT） system of distribution for its products which allows them to reduce inventory. They also introduced an advanced planning and scheduling system （APS）， which enables them to plan production more accurately and reduce production delays.
北京某家生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)最近在產(chǎn)品分銷中通過(guò)引入準(zhǔn)時(shí)制（JIT）系統(tǒng)，減少了庫(kù)存，提高了利潤(rùn)率。該企業(yè)還引入了一套先進(jìn)計(jì)劃與排程系統(tǒng)（APS），使得他們能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)更精確的排產(chǎn)，并減少生產(chǎn)延遲。
This new system has reduced planning time dramatically and led to a reduction in the amount of stock needed to cover unforeseen demand. （This stock is termed ‘safety stock’）。 It has also enabled the company to cut out many other non-essential costs from their production process.
這套新系統(tǒng)使得該企業(yè)極大地縮短了計(jì)劃時(shí)間，減少了滿足不可預(yù)測(cè)需求的庫(kù)存（這種庫(kù)存稱為“安全庫(kù)存”），同時(shí)去除了生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中許多不必要的費(fèi)用。
Reports are generated on a daily basis to inform the managers where production delays are still occurring in order that they can act to reduce delays even further. Other reports inform managers of expected changes to the work schedule in order that the workforce and the plant are able to meet any demands upon them resulting from fluctuating customer requirements.
向管理人員提交有關(guān)仍然存在生產(chǎn)延遲的每日?qǐng)?bào)告，以便他們能夠采取行動(dòng)進(jìn)一步減少生產(chǎn)延遲。管理人員還將得到有關(guān)生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度預(yù)期變化的報(bào)告，以便生產(chǎn)人員和企業(yè)能夠滿足波動(dòng)的顧客需求。
These improvements have enabled the company to offer customers improved service levels at lower cost and has led to the staff feeling that they are more involved and better informed about the running of the company.
這些改進(jìn)使該企業(yè)能以較低的成本向顧客提供更好的服務(wù)，同時(shí)讓員工感到參與更多、更加清楚公司的運(yùn)作。
The company is now experiencing a major upturn in it‘s customer base， general productivity and profitability and a reduction in staff absenteeism.
目前，該企業(yè)的客戶群、整體生產(chǎn)率和利潤(rùn)率都有著明顯的好轉(zhuǎn)，而員工的曠工情況明顯減少。
Questions 問(wèn)題
1. The manufacturing company has introduced a Just in Time system of distribution. Briefly explain what is meant by Just in Time distribution.
1.該企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品分銷中引入了準(zhǔn)時(shí)制系統(tǒng)。請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要解釋準(zhǔn)時(shí)制分銷（Just in Time distribution）。
答案要點(diǎn)：
1、減少浪費(fèi)正確的時(shí)間、正確的地點(diǎn)產(chǎn)出正確的產(chǎn)品；
2、提高對(duì)客戶的服務(wù)水平；
3、提高利潤(rùn)率和投資回報(bào)率，并通過(guò)減少庫(kù)存水平；
4、建立物料流程。
2. Just in Time methods had helped the company to reduce inventory. Why do you think this has happened？
2. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)制方法幫助該企業(yè)減少了庫(kù)存，你認(rèn)為為什么會(huì)這樣？
答案要點(diǎn)：減少浪費(fèi)，通過(guò)提高庫(kù)存周轉(zhuǎn)率、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、縮短生產(chǎn)及交付周期，實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)率的提高。這些因素與通過(guò)建立物料流程而提高的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量共同減少了缺陷和其它比如損壞或回收等的浪費(fèi)。準(zhǔn)時(shí)制通常應(yīng)用于重復(fù)性生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，比如一個(gè)生產(chǎn)線，來(lái)建立物料流程，必然能實(shí)現(xiàn)庫(kù)存量的減少。
3. Production planning was seen as an essential element in improving efficiency. Why might that be the case？
3.生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的編制被認(rèn)為是提高效率的關(guān)鍵因素，為什么？
答案要點(diǎn)：
1、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃是關(guān)于為滿足需求變化，以便能提前應(yīng)對(duì)需求變化的發(fā)生。
2、使得企業(yè)能根據(jù)需要調(diào)整員工數(shù)量水平
3、使企業(yè)啟用可能出現(xiàn)的對(duì)額外資源的需求。