成考專升本英語同義詞辨析一

字號:

forbid ban prohibit
    都含"禁止"的意思。
    forbid系常用詞, 指"命令某人不做某事", 如:
    The doctor forbids him to smoke.
    醫(yī)生禁止他吸煙。
    ban 語氣較重, 指權威機關"正式禁止", 含"嚴厲譴責"之意,只能用事物作其賓語, 如:
    Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器!
    prohibit指"通過法律或政府法令禁止", 如:
    The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark.
    天黑后士兵不準離開營房。
    permit allow let
    都含"準許"的意思。
    permit 和 allow 在許多情況下可以通用, 但它較 allow 正式, 含有"積極地、從正面地允許"的意義, 如:They don't permit you to smoke.
    他們不允許你抽煙。
    allow 指"并不反對"或"不加阻止", 偏重"默許"或"聽任", 含義較消極, 如:
    Each passenger is allowed twenty -five kilogrammes of luggage.
    每位旅客允許攜帶二十五公斤的行李。
    let 是三個詞中最不正式的, 較口語化, 而語意最弱, 指"給予可能或同意", 有時含"難以阻止或限制"之意, 如:
    Let him wait.
    讓他等一等。
    Let , allow, permit, grant這組動詞都有"允許"或"讓"的意思。
    let 是個普通詞,常要求復合賓語,在不定式作賓語補足語時,總省去不定式符號to,有時在一定的上下文中可省去賓語補足語:let, allow這兩個動詞都有"讓"或"允許"的意思,仔細研究后可以看到許多情況下,這兩個詞并不能通用。let 所表示的"允許"含有"不阻止"(notto prevent)的意思
    Let's go into the garage and have a look at it.
    咱們到汽車修配廠去看看吧。
    She said her future husband would not let her make another film.
    她說她的未婚夫不會讓她再拍電影了。(此句用would not let,意思是"阻止")
    When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.
    當公牛接近了他時,他笨拙地向一旁一閃,把公牛讓了過去。
    Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.
    然后它坐著吠叫,直到有人把它放出去為止。
    The third baseman let the ball roll between his feet.
    第三名壘手讓球從他的兩只腳之間滾了過去。
    而allow所表示的"允許"含有"容忍"(forbearance of prohibition)的意思
    Please allow me to introduce Mr Brown to you.
    請允許我把布朗先生向你介紹一下。
    Now we are not allowed to touch it.
    現(xiàn)在是不讓我們碰一碰它的。
    注:let somebody do something(讓某人做某事)作賓語補足語的不定式省去to,而allow somebody to do something(讓某人做某事)作賓語補足語的不定式帶to.allow與permit也可以用于allow(permit)somebody to do something的句子結構, 但也可以要求簡單賓語或表示行為的名詞作賓語。這三個詞都能表示"沒能阻止"或"不去阻止",但是let并不包含allow和permit所共有的這層含義:有能力、有權威不去禁止或不去防止某事,有時表示由于笨拙疏忽而放過去
    The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom
    那位老師聽任教室內(nèi)有過分的嘈雜聲。
    He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
    他應該知道,警察是不會允許這種事情的。
    The dogs have greater freedom too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.
    那些狗也有了較大的自由,因為允許它們在柵欄外面到處跑跑。
    而permit又不包含allow的這樣一層含義:克制著自己不去禁止,而allow卻不包含permit的這樣的含義:同意或者默許
    We do not allow (or permit) gambling.
    我們不允許賭博;
    grant 所表示的"允許"包含這樣的意思:上級就下級的要求,把自認為是一種恩惠或權利給予別人
    He requested that the premier grant him an internview.
    他要求那位總理接見他一次。
    Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.
    獲得了許可后,一名警察陪他來到公用電話亭。
    composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.
    法令指出連隊應當盡可能地由同一民族的人或操同一語言的人組成
    lift raise elevate
    都含"舉起"的意思。
    lift 指"用體力或機械力把某物從地面舉到一定的高度", 如:
    She can lift a pail of water from the ground.
    她能把一桶水提起來。
    raise 與Lift 可換用, 但著重"垂直高舉"或"將物件由較低處移至較高處的適宜位置, 以發(fā)揮應有的作用", 如:
    raise a flag.
    升旗。
    elevate 指"提高(嗓子、思想等)", 如:
    Good reading elevates the mind.
    閱讀好書可使思想高尚。
    lift, raise, rear, elevate, hoist 這組動詞的一般含義是"提起","舉起".
    lift 強調(diào)"提升很重的或者抬起比較重的東西",當用于比喻時,可以指雄偉高大的建筑物或大山的"高聳入云"
    The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal.
    現(xiàn)在必須垂直著提升餡餅盤,因為盤的一邊靠在運河的側面上。
    raise 在用于"提升"的意義時,可包含費力也可能不包含費力,但總帶有"垂直"提升的意思;在用于比喻時,可以表示喂羊家畜、家禽,照料農(nóng)作物的生長,募集資金,抬募軍隊,養(yǎng)育兒童等
    …there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom……。
    當從海底提上來一只箱子時,船上出現(xiàn)了極為興奮的場面。
    Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.
    我們的牧師老是在為這樁或那樁事募款。
    rear和raise在文學語言中常互換使用。在表示養(yǎng)育兒童時,rear 為美國南方各州慣用詞
    She bore three children and reared (or reaised) two of them.
    她生過三個孩子,養(yǎng)大了兩個。
    elevate 一般具有l(wèi)ift和raise的含義,但elevate 常用于抽象概念的提高,如"提高文學鑒賞力","提高情操"等
    Good reading elerates the mind.
    讀好書可以提高情操。
    hoist 尤指"以機械提升重物"
    The cargo was soon hoisted into the ship.
    貸物很快就被吊進船艙。
    change,alter,vary,modify這組動詞的一般含義是"改變"或"變化".
    change 是通用詞,它有兩層基本含義:"變"和"換"."變"可以指和原來的樣子或性質(zhì)稍有不同,也可以指有本質(zhì)的差異。
    At first,she decided to go to the police,but fearing that she would never see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite clear-she changed her mind.
    起初,她決定去警察局,但是她由于擔心再也見不到拉斯特斯了-那封信說得相當清楚-她改變了主意。
    He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.
    然后他換上工裝褲,作為清潔工人度過接下去的八小時。
    alter 所表示的"改變"只是細節(jié)的,或外表的變化,并不表示本質(zhì)的改變。如:把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些,但衣服的式樣仍然不變,這時用alter便很確當
    He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be alltered.
    他可以溫和地指責一個官員,或者甚至建議議會修改法律條款。
    vary 一般表示轉換、變易、增生所致的"變化"或"不同"
    The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
    他所采取的行動,根據(jù)怨言的性質(zhì),而有所不同。
    modify 主要用來表示有局限性的"改變",當用于事物時,它所表示的"改變",在程度上要大于 alter, 在用于人的態(tài)度時,它僅僅表示略加修飾,并不含有很大的變化
    The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.
    工業(yè)革命變革了英國的整個社會結構。
    change alter vary
    都含"改變"的意思 .
    change 指"使改變得與原物完全不同"或"使發(fā)生以新代舊的變化",如:
    The appearance of the town is quite changed.
    這個城鎮(zhèn)的外觀變化頗大。
    alter 指"局部的、外表的變化, 但特點不變", 如:
    This coat should be altered.
    這件外套應該改改。
    vary 指"不規(guī)則或連續(xù)地改變", 如:
    Customs vary with the times.
    習俗隨時代而異。
    keep retain withhold reserve
    都含"保持"、"保存"的意思。
    keep 系常用詞, 指"使繼續(xù)下去""使較長時期地置于不脫離控制、掌握、照料或變化之下", 如:
    keep the room clean.
    保持室內(nèi)清潔。
    retain 較正式, 強調(diào)"繼續(xù)保持", 特指"保持使不失去或被奪走", 如:
    He has managed to retain most of his fortune.
    他設法保存了他的大部分財產(chǎn)。
    withhold 強調(diào)"保留"、"隱匿", 指"阻止其離去或泄漏", 如:
    Fear made him withhold the truth.
    恐懼使他不敢說實話。
    reserve 指"為一目的保持, 或保存一段時間", 如:
    A great future is reserved for you.
    光明的前程在等待著你。
    remain stay
    都指"繼續(xù)停留"或"繼續(xù)保持某種狀態(tài)、關系或行動。"
    remain ??膳cstay 互換, 但它強調(diào)"繼續(xù)停留于一處或保持原狀態(tài)、情況性質(zhì)而不改變", 如:
    This place remains cool all summer.
    這個地方整個夏天都涼爽。
    stay強調(diào)"某人[物]繼續(xù)留在原地而不離開", 如:
    He stayed to see the end of the game.
    他一直呆到比賽結束
    ability, capacity, faculty, talent, skill, competence, aptitude
    These nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.
    這些名詞都表示某人具有取得進步或成功的素質(zhì)。
    Ability is the power, mental or physical, to do something:
    Ability 是指智力或體力上具有做某事的能力:
    "To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient" (Ihara Saikaku)。
    "要致富,光靠能力是不夠的,還得看機遇" (伊哈拉。塞科古)。
    Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth, development, or accomplishment:
    Capacity 指天賦的,如生長、發(fā)展或成功的潛力:
    "Not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired" (Plautus)。
    "智慧的獲得是依靠才能而不是年齡" (普洛提斯)。
    Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability:
    Faculty 指內(nèi)在的力量或能力:
    An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.
    能無誤地看出偽善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。
    Talent emphasizes inborn ability, especially in the arts:
    Talent 強調(diào)天生的才能,尤其是在藝術方面:
    "There is no substitute for talent. Industry and all the virtues are of no avail" (Aldous Huxley)。
    "勤奮及其他的品質(zhì)都不能彌補天分的不足" (阿爾多斯。赫胥黎)。
    Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:
    Skill 強調(diào)由經(jīng)驗而獲得或發(fā)展的能力:
    "The intellect, character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received" (Edward L. Thorndike)。
    "任何人的知識、性格和能力都是由起初的興趣加上后來接受的訓練而得到的。" (愛德華L.桑戴克)。
    Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well:
    Competence 指能做到使人滿意但并不一定特別出眾的能力:
    The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.
    小提琴家所演奏的協(xié)奏曲毫無疑問是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。
    Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning, understanding, or performing:
    Aptitude 暗指內(nèi)在的學習、理解和表演的才能:
    Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.
    甚至孩童時他就顯露出非同一般的數(shù)學才能
    形容詞 complete 和 perfect 雖然都有"完全的"含義,但并非同義詞,在許多情況下它們只是詞義相近而已。
    complete 的含義是"完整無缺的"、"圓滿的"
    He is a complete stranger to me.
    我一點也不認識他。(可以和 perfect 換用)
    Before long, the noise dropped completely
    不久,那轟鳴聲就完全消失了。
    perfect 不僅可表示"完整無缺"、"完全"或"純粹",而且含有"完美無缺"、"勻稱"或"健全"的含義,總之它可以表示"盡善盡美".由上可見, perfect 可以表示 complete 的含義,而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含義。 但是, a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 沒有什么差異,complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了"美滿的幸福".
    But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too per fect.
    正象他們不久就發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣,化裝效果有時可能太完美無缺了。
    It is a perfect alibi.
    這完全是在開脫罪責。
    It's a perfect stranger here.
    我在這里完全是個陌生人。(可以換用 complete)
    注:perfect 的同義詞有 whole, entire; complete 的同義詞有 full, plenary.
    complete, close, end, finish, conclude, terminate
    These verbs mean to bring or to come to a natural or proper stopping point.
    這些動詞都是指達到一個自然或適當?shù)慕K點。
    Complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition:
    Complete 暗指取得成功的最后一步:
    "Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime" (Reinhold Niebuhr)。
    "我們這輩子連一件有意義的事也沒完成" (萊因霍爾德。尼泊赫)。
    Close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing:
    Close 指正在進行的事件接近終點:
    The orchestra closed the concert with an encore.
    交響樂團在再來一次的歡呼聲中結束了音樂會。
    If there is a further falloff in ticket sales, the play will close.
    如果門票銷售進一步下跌,這個劇目就會停演。
    End emphasizes finality:
    End 強調(diào)結果:
    We ended the meal with fruit and cheese.
    我們最后吃的是水果和奶酪。
    "Where laws end, tyranny begins" (William Pitt)。
    "哪里沒有法制,*就從哪里開始" (威廉姆。皮特)。
    Finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete:
    Finish 有時可與complete互換: