第一章 定語從句
英語和漢語中的定語有很大的不同。漢語中定語只能前置,而英語中定語既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同,不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上,也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語中的定語從句有時從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對中心詞加以限定。因此,在對語法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下,為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系,可以將定語從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。同時值得注意的是,定語從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分,而該分割成分中與定語從句緊挨著的名詞,常常會被誤認(rèn)為定語從句的中心詞?！ ?BR> 因此,遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu),一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識進行判斷。翻譯定語從句時可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.
第一層： As far as the third factor is concerned , 狀語從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 狀語從句2 happened in cosmology, for example.
第二層： (狀語從句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主語 is 系 concerned 表語
(定語從句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation
(狀語從句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology,for example 定語從句
第三層： (定語從句) as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology, 狀 for example. 插入語
要點 本句由兩個分句構(gòu)成,以分號連接。第一個分句的主干為"the history of science shows many instances","in which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾"instances","such ...as ..."表結(jié)果,后接不定式；在第二個分句中,before 引出時間狀語從句："before this resistance was eventually broken down";代詞"as"在此是關(guān)系代詞,引出定語從句："as happened in cosmology"。resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。cosmology:宇宙論,宇宙哲學(xué)。
譯文 至于第三個因素,科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明,權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下,要花上幾個世紀(jì)的時間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如,在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第一層： Behaviorists 主 suggest 謂 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 賓語從句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第二層： (賓語從句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定語從句
for appropriate responses will experience 謂 greater intellectual 定 development. 賓
第三層： (定語從句) who 引 is raised 謂 in an environment 狀 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定語從句
propriate responses
第四層： (定語從句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定語從句
第五層： (定語從句) which 引 develop 謂 his or her 定 capacity 賓 for appropriate 定 responses
要點 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出,本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻譯為"…的看法是"。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾child,根據(jù)上下文的語義關(guān)系,翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進行翻譯。appropriate:適合的,相稱的。 譯文 行為主義者的看法是,如果一個兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長大,而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力,那么這個兒童將會有更好的智力發(fā)展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
要點 本句為含有兩個定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語動詞suggest可接動名詞作賓語。而賓語中的transform一詞常用在"transform sth. from ... into..."結(jié)構(gòu)中,譯為"把…從…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤?。句中兩個in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism,翻譯時宜采用前置法。兩個破折號之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的同位語。
譯文 我建議把我們的社會制度從以限度的生產(chǎn)和限度的消費為目的的官僚主義管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€充分發(fā)揮人的潛能--即愛和理智的潛能--為其全部社會工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.
要點 本句中"who...","who...","on whose...","who..."四個定語從句并列,共同修飾中心詞"people"。
譯文 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不問他們的級別和觀點。
5. In the "soap war" between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
要點 此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,但主句很簡單,主語為use,謂語為is made。主句正常語序為tremendous use of statistics is made to..., to measure...作目的狀語,resulting from...為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作difference的后置定語。which引導(dǎo)一個非限制性定語從句,修飾allocation to advertising。so that引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句。plus為介詞,意為"加上"。soap war 為"肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)"。
譯文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的"肥皂大戰(zhàn)"中,雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計學(xué)知識來測量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場上的動態(tài)差異,這一項在售前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分,所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費用與廣告費用之和。
6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
要點 本句為簡單復(fù)合句。句架為Smart cards, which ..., are already widely used in European countries where...。which為關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾smart cards；where 為關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾countries。nationwide:全國范圍內(nèi)的。roll out:本意為"展開(卷起之物)",此處為引申義,指展開工作。
譯文 智能卡載有的信息量是普通磁卡信息載量的80多倍,已經(jīng)在歐洲各國廣泛使用,因而使歐洲各國中央銀行得以在全國范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。
7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
要點 本句含有一個主語從句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一個定語從句with which it is interpreted。定語從句中it 指代prediction,該定語從句修飾the skill and wisdom。在翻譯時主語從句用分譯法,定語從句用合譯法。validate:使有效；使有充分根據(jù)。
譯文 預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實,這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性,還取決于用來解釋預(yù)測的技巧和智慧。
8. Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves with condemnations, in my delegation's opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.
要點 本句含有三個定語從句"where...condemnations","which would come to grips ..."和"which, after all, serve only to compel..."。第二個定語從句譯成同位結(jié)構(gòu)；第三個定語從句同上下文有明顯的因果關(guān)系,譯成"因為…"。overall:從頭到尾；總的,全面的。
譯文 因此,我們代表團認(rèn)為,要糾正我們過去采取的只是滿足于進行譴責(zé)的那種立場,我們必須尋求一個全面的解決方法,既能解決本質(zhì)方面的問題,又能解決應(yīng)對表面的問題,因為僅解決表面問題畢竟只能迫使我們一次又一次地把這個問題列入安理會的議程。
9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
要點 本句中有兩個由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句：第一個定語從句的先行詞是science,而不是chemistry; 第二個定語從句的先行詞是chemical change,而不是result或matter。
譯文 我們可以說,化學(xué)是論述物質(zhì)化學(xué)變化的科學(xué),通過化學(xué)變化可能獲得新的物質(zhì)。
10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!
要點 本句由一個主句(Time goes fast)、兩個定語從句(who...和you can catch)和一個狀語從句(when...)組成。you can catch前省略了that。按照先發(fā)生的事情先敘述以及條件在先結(jié)果在后的漢語習(xí)慣,翻譯時應(yīng)采用逆序法。
譯文 對一個有美感,能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何東西的人來說,時間總是過得很快,比如當(dāng)戲水池里有幾個可愛的孩子,池邊還有一位如黛安娜似的年輕女子時。
第二章 倒裝句
英語句子通常有兩種語序,一種是自然語序(Natural Order),又稱正裝語序,另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語序(Inverted Order)。
從形式上分,倒裝有兩種：全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語動詞全部位于主語之前的稱作全部倒裝,例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個男孩。)只將謂語動詞的一部分(通常是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)放在主語之前的稱作部分倒裝,例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣,我們才能做得更好一些。)從使用目的區(qū)分,倒裝也有兩種情況,即語法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語法倒裝是由于語法規(guī)則的要求而必須進行的倒裝,例如：Who called me just now?(剛才誰打電話給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去。)H·Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種,即疑問、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全,還應(yīng)加上強調(diào)和為使描寫更加生動兩種。在英語中,倒裝句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但漢語卻很少用,所以在翻譯倒裝句時,仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯,并照顧漢語的習(xí)慣,以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象,以使考生熟悉英語和漢語在語序上的差異。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一層： Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life, 定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him , 定語從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二層： (定語從句1) that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
(定語從句2) it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
(同位語從句) that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三層： (狀語從句) if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
要點 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語較長或賓語結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,往往將賓語后置,采用倒裝語序,以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語由三個并列的名詞構(gòu)成,且第二和第三個名詞后又帶有限定性定語從句,故采用倒裝語序,將動詞"poured"的賓語放在狀語"into his writings"之后。"all the pain...","the fierce hatred..."和"the conviction..."是"poured"的三個并列的賓語；其中,第一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾"hatred","it had brought to him"修飾"conviction",在該定語從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語而被省略；第二個that從句則是"conviction"的同位語從句。
譯文 杰克·倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦,傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對資產(chǎn)階級的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來反抗,從剝削者手中奪回社會管理權(quán),那么世界就會變成一個人人有好日子過的地方。
2. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
分 析： Along with them 狀 goes 謂 social 定 mobility, 主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world, a main factor 同位語 in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
要點 這是一個完全倒裝句,主語是social mobility...century,謂語動詞是goes。ambition to rise in the urban world 是對 social mobility的進一步說明。a main factor在意思上相當(dāng)于which is a main factor in...century,修飾 ambition to ...world。本句可按原文順序翻譯。
譯文 伴隨他們而來的是社會的流動性, 人們強烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展,這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
要點 句中had he grown up ... 是虛擬條件中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時,要把if的含義譯出。主句為并列謂語"... compensate ... , and ... tell"結(jié)構(gòu)。句中how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。虛擬條件句為賓語從句的狀語。根據(jù)漢語的表達習(xí)慣,條件狀語常前置。
譯文 例如,它們并不彌補明顯的社會不公； 因此,它們說明不了一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長,會有多大的才干。
4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
要點 本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是the children become so involved with their computers that...。因為把so involved with their computers 放在了句首,所以句子必須倒裝。因為該句的動詞是become,所以用do來幫助倒裝。翻譯時宜用正裝語序。
譯文 參加計算機夏令營的孩子們對計算機如此著迷,以至夏令營的負責(zé)人常常不得不強迫他們停下來參加體育運動或做游戲。
5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
要點 破折號后面的部分是用來解釋句子主句的,在結(jié)構(gòu)上是部分倒裝句,屬"（從句）the＋比較級...,（主句） the ＋比較級"句型,這樣的句子一般主謂不倒裝。翻譯時可用正裝。universalize:使普遍化；使通用化。
譯文 隨著國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來越商業(yè)化,普及上網(wǎng)會對商家有利, 因為上網(wǎng)的人越多,潛在的顧客數(shù)量就越多。
6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
要點 only是加強語氣的詞語,位于句首時,主謂語要倒裝。這樣的句子一般可按原文順序翻譯。has it been ...是主句,正裝應(yīng)是it has been...。
譯文 只有大量調(diào)研提供出證據(jù)表明此類節(jié)目產(chǎn)生不良影響后,電視節(jié)目審查政策才有可能改變。
7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.
要點 這是一個主從復(fù)合句,主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style。在讓步狀語從句中,作為表語的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首,構(gòu)成部分倒裝。形容詞＋as從句在意思上等于although...,一般翻譯成"雖然…"。注意這個形容詞不能放在動詞后面,否則整個句子意思不同。
譯文 雖然過去紅色不受歡迎,眼下紅色染發(fā)劑卻備受青睞。
8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.
要點 這是一個完全倒裝句,主語是seeing his daughter...divorce。翻譯時可正裝。
譯文 他只是覺得離婚后每周只能看女兒兩次讓他感到孤獨。
9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.
要點 該句的原結(jié)構(gòu)是this one was so perilous that...,因為把 so perilous 放在句首,所以句子要主謂倒裝。翻譯時可正裝。
譯文 做現(xiàn)場惟一的保安官員,這差使還真有點危險。
10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled（改變頻率使不被竊聽） for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
要點 這是一個并列句,由and連接。第一個分句中破折號前面是一個完全倒裝句,主語是 the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade。破折號后面的部分是用來解釋trade。One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls。第二個分句也是一個完全倒裝句,只是在 to one side后面省去了動詞stood。該句可按原文語序翻譯,第二個分句中省去的動詞應(yīng)翻譯出來。
譯文 展現(xiàn)在我面前的是情報官員這一行的基本用具--一張寫字臺、兩部電話,其中一部是變頻加密外線電話,在我旁邊是一個大型的綠色金屬保險柜,其正面有一把特大號復(fù)合密碼鎖。
第三章 分割結(jié)構(gòu)
分割結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手段,在英語句子中,特別是在書面語中,比較常見。分割結(jié)構(gòu)就是指把英語句子中原來屬于一個整體的句子成分分割開,一部分留在句子的原來位置,另一部分遠離原來位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 不難看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一個整體,被用作狀語的過去分詞remembered and cherished分割開。常見的分割結(jié)構(gòu)形式有同位語或同位語從句與先行詞的分割,定語或and定語從句與先行詞的分割,主語與謂語的分割,謂語與賓語的分割。使用分割結(jié)構(gòu)的目的是使語句結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,避免頭重腳輕,或者為了使表達的主題思想更加突出醒目,讀起來更通順流暢。分割結(jié)構(gòu)的存在說明了英語在結(jié)構(gòu)形式和表達方法上的生動性和靈活性,但也造成了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的錯綜復(fù)雜。對于分割結(jié)構(gòu),只有從結(jié)構(gòu)上和語意上弄清它才能避免理解上的錯誤,英譯漢時要把原來屬于一個整體部分的意義譯出。
如： An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.過生日的時候他得到了一件不尋常的禮物--一本關(guān)于倫理道德的書。(present 和a book被分隔)
再如： After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,這樣的認(rèn)識加強了,即認(rèn)為存在著支配物體運動的普遍規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律不僅支配著地球上的也支配著天體上的物體的運動。(the feeling和 that從句被分隔)
此外,還有定語（或定語從句）與其中心詞被分隔,某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔,動詞與其賓語被分隔,介詞與其賓語被分隔等?？傊?英語的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則（應(yīng)當(dāng)把長而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末,從而使結(jié)構(gòu)平衡勻稱,以避免主語部分太長,謂語部分太短）和句尾信息焦點原則（把新信息,即語義重點放在句子末尾）。閱讀時要注意把原來屬于一個整體的各部分找出來。
1. Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一層： Such a viewpoint, 主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries, is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 狀 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位語從句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二層： (同位語從句) that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 強調(diào)主語 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 謂 the survival 賓 of mankind. 定
要點 本句主干為"Such a viewpoint... is reinforced by the widely-held belief"；形容詞短語"particularly prominent in the developing countries",作為插入語修飾"viewpoint",將主語和謂語分隔開來;介詞短語"by the widely-held belief"是被動語態(tài)"reinforced"的行為主體；"that it is...mankind"是"belief"的同位語從句,這里還含有一個強調(diào)句式,即"it is not the peaceful application...that is endangering..."。
譯文 這種在發(fā)展中國家顯得尤為突出的觀點被一種廣泛持有的信念所加強,即并非和平利用核能正危害著人類的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, for, as the rhyme goes, "Change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第一層： No girl 主 should marry 謂 a man 賓 whose last name has the same initial as hers , 定語從句 for, as the rhyme goes, "Change 狀語從句 the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第二層： (定語從句) whose 引 last name 主 has 謂 the same initial 賓 as hers 定
(狀語從句) for, 引 as the rhyme goes, 狀 "Change 謂 the name 賓 but 連 not the letter, 賓 marry 謂 for worse instead of better." 狀
要點 這是個主從復(fù)合句。for是連接詞,引導(dǎo)狀語從句。as the rhyme goes是插入語,插在for和它引導(dǎo)的從句之間,造成for和它引導(dǎo)的從句的分離,翻譯時,可譯成一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。
譯文 姑娘不該嫁給與自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因為正如一首童謠所說：改姓不改首字母,婚后必將受其苦。
3. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要點 否定詞nor放在句首時,主謂倒裝。is放到了主語management前。同時,if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句置于nor與句子的其他成分之間,造成了句子的割裂狀態(tài)。條件狀語從句中as desirable... as the writing...可視為同級比較結(jié)構(gòu)。句中who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞thinkers,可采用合譯的方法翻譯。be blamed for為固定短語,意為"因…而受指責(zé)"。in favor of ...在句中做狀語。
譯文 假如像學(xué)術(shù)論文反映的那樣,科學(xué)家們期望看到與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式符合的規(guī)律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者們歧視研究者中的"怪杰",而喜歡善于合作的較常規(guī)思維的人,這也是無可指責(zé)的。
4. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要點 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will...引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句放到了主句的謂語動詞discovered與that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句之間,從而造成動賓之間的分割。as引導(dǎo)的從句中省略了謂語動詞discover,是為了避免重復(fù)。賓語從句中主語為"abandoning...and making..."并列的動名詞短語；謂語為"bring sth with sth"結(jié)構(gòu),只是因賓語過長,而把with短語提前了。
譯文 我發(fā)覺,放棄那種"日夜操勞的生活"信念而選擇"放慢生活的節(jié)奏"會帶來比金錢和社會地位更大的回報。凱爾西在長期經(jīng)受巨大壓力后,從惹人注目的《女性》雜志編輯部退出之后,恐怕她也將與我有同樣的感覺。
5. Such an outcome, if it happens, could cause a political controversy; or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances, namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要點 這是個復(fù)合句。條件從句因為太短,置于主句的主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時應(yīng)將從句提到句首。namely when the...unpopular是一個狀語從句,用來解釋the worst possible circumstances。the EU: the European Union,歐盟。
譯文 這種結(jié)果一旦產(chǎn)生,就可能引起政治上的爭吵；在最糟糕的情況下,即在歐盟很不得人心的時候,也可能使更多的權(quán)利落到歐盟手中。
6. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要點 句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是That fact... is likely to mean that...。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是"with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"形式,表示伴隨狀態(tài)。短語let alone...not joined置于主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時應(yīng)將其還原,放在最后。分詞短語led by Britain和定語從句that have not joined都修飾the four。euro:歐元。multi-:前綴,表示"多…的",如mutilateral,多邊的：multiple,多個的。
譯文 這一事實可能意味著歐盟將成為一個多體系的實體,其中一些國家對每一件事都表示贊同,而另一些則不盡然；更不用說以英國為首的尚未加入歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣體系的四國和已經(jīng) 加入這一體系的十一個歐元國家之間目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要點 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是This trend began during the Second World War, when...。when引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾the Second World War。that the specific...detail是conclusion的同位語從句,在該從句中,主語是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定語從句。該定語從句放在其先行詞 demands和 of介詞短語之間,造成句子的割裂。翻譯時,可把被割裂的部分還原。
譯文 這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時一些國家的政府得出這樣的結(jié)論：政府要向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要點 整個of短語作observations的定語,相當(dāng)于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made。因為定語太長,所以將其置于動詞之后,以避免句子頭重腳輕。這樣就造成了句子的割裂,翻譯時應(yīng)將被割裂的部分還原。preschool:學(xué)前的。
譯文 人們對孩子們在學(xué)前班和小學(xué)一年級開始時和結(jié)束時的情況都曾進行過觀察。
9. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要點 這是一個簡單句。Whether to...situation是本句的主語,depends是謂語動詞,兩個"upon"后面是賓語。availability在句中是指"測試和信息容易得到或找到"。therefore是副詞,插在depends 和upon...之間,造成它們在結(jié)構(gòu)上的割裂。翻譯時,可把therefore提到句首。
譯文 因此,究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息,或是在某一特定情況下兩者并用,須憑從有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗中得出的證據(jù)而定,也取決于諸如費用和有無采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要點 該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all"...into a woman...。preached by...magazine是過去分詞短語,作the philosophy of "having it all"的定語,插在from...into之中,造成了句子的割裂。翻譯時,可把分詞短語譯成一個分句,其他照原文順序翻譯。
譯文 我從一個"全力以赴"的生活哲學(xué)--在過去七年里林達·凱爾西一直在《女性》雜志鼓吹這種生活方式--的積極倡導(dǎo)者,一改而成為隨遇而安的女人。
第四章 省略
英國大文豪莎士比亞在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里寫過這么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.(言以簡潔為貴。)寫文章也好,說話也好,都要求生動活潑,簡單明了,因此,"簡潔"乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一?！ ?BR> 文章要做到簡潔,省略法(Ellipsis)是必用的。
英語句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確的信息而不必出現(xiàn),或前面已出現(xiàn)的某些成分,為了避免不必要的重復(fù),可以不再出現(xiàn)而不致引起誤解或歧義,這種語言現(xiàn)象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 這是個簡單句,主語I和謂語am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes, and Paris on the Seine. 這是一個并列復(fù)合句,后半句省略了謂語動詞is,因為前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過,后面不必重復(fù)。英譯漢時,為了使譯文明確達意,符合漢語習(xí)慣,要在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上,對原文中省略的部分或保留或補全,或?qū)ζ溥M行靈活處理。
有人將英語句子中的省略現(xiàn)象歸納為21種,本章只涉及在英語閱讀中常遇到的比較復(fù)雜的省略現(xiàn)象。
1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第一層： The transcription 主 needs 謂 a certain amount of 定 editing, 賓 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 狀語從句
sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第二層： (狀語從句) as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right , 狀語從句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 狀 able 表 to do the work 賓 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 狀語從句2
第三層： (狀語從句1) even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 謂 the difference 賓 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位語
(狀語從句2) as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主
要點 本句中as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,其中該句還帶有一個由"even if"引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；介詞短語"between words of similar sounds"修飾"difference","such as write and right"修飾"words","as well as..."為同等比較狀語從句,其中省略了與主句相同的部分。intelligent:有才智的；理解力強的。
譯文 譯稿需要一定量的編輯工作,因為,即使計算機能夠區(qū)別同音異義詞,如 write和right,它仍不可能把這項工作做得像有思維能力的秘書那樣好。
2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?
第一層： If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 狀語從句 gth of the needle , how often 狀 can 謂 it 主 be expected 謂 to fall on a line 賓 and 連 how often 狀 into a blank space? 狀
第二層： (狀語從句) If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 狀 on a sheet of paper 狀 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定語從句
第三層： (定語從句) whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 狀 equal 表 to the length of the needle 賓
要點 這是復(fù)合句。在if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,ruled with lines 是過去分詞,作paper 的定語,whose...needle 是 lines 的定語從句,whose distance apart 的意思是"它們之間的間隔"。主句中and 后面是個省略句,省去了 can it be expected to fall。翻譯時可將英文的被動語態(tài)譯成漢語的主動語態(tài)。length:長度。rule paper with lines:在紙上劃平行線。
譯文 如果把一根針隨機地投到一張紙上,紙上畫了許多平行線,它們之間的間隔等于針的長度,那么針落在線上的幾率是多少？落在空白處的幾率又是多少？
3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind, is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing, and if he is fortunate and keeps alive, he will be forever in love.
要點 本句是由and連接在一起的并列句。前一個分句的主干是All...is...to tell the story... - to sing. all后面有兩個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,第一個that從句修飾all,第二個that指代其前的that從句,翻譯時可表條件。to sing放在破折號之后,用以加強語氣,其后可視為省略了賓語the story of his love, to tell和to sing是并列關(guān)系。
譯文 一個人應(yīng)該說的或做的,只要關(guān)系到人類,那么都是以這樣或那樣的形式來講述乃至謳歌自己的愛的故事；而且,如果他是幸運的、有活力的,他將永遠是充滿愛的。
4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
要點 本句位并列句,前一個分句帶一個As引導(dǎo)的狀語從句, 狀語從句中 move away from 后為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)their ...,their..., their... 在and后的分句中, the confidence 省略了 "is cut off", it指的是信息被切斷的情況。
譯文 隨著家庭成員與他們穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的老友和大家庭的親屬關(guān)系相分離,非正式的信息渠道被切斷了,而那種在需要時就能得到真實可靠信息的信心也丟失了。
5. And by the help of further reasoning, which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism, you arrive at your final determination, I will not have that apple.
要點 這是復(fù)合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination。by the help of ... 是介詞短語作狀語,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾reasoning。if drawn out 是省略句,用作表示條件的狀語從句,完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out。翻譯時采用順序法,定語從句采用分句法。syllogism:三段論；演繹推理。
譯文 借助于進一步的推理,這種推理如果加以引申,還可表現(xiàn)為其他兩三種演繹推理,你便會做出最終決定："我不吃那個蘋果了。"
6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.
要點 這是復(fù)合句。主句中 it是形式主語,真正的主語是不定式短語not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person。在狀語從句中as是連詞,意思是"正如…一樣",as 后面省去了we have conversations。翻譯時采用逆序法,把even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句放到句首。unnerving:使人不知所措；使人失去自信。
譯文 即使我們適應(yīng)了像打電話一樣在互相看不見的情況下談話,這種看不見或接觸不到對方的談話也會使人感到很不自在。
7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.
要點 這是復(fù)合句。in which引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾astronomical body。介詞except引起的短語作狀語。在介詞短語like our own后面省略了planet。revolving為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語,修飾our own planet。翻譯時根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣,將狀語提前譯出。
譯文 事實上,除了像地球這樣圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星以外,我們不知道是否在其他類型的天體上也有適合生命存在的條件。
8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
要點 這是主從復(fù)合句。其主句的謂語動詞是had less to do with... than...,意為"主要與…有關(guān),而不是與…有關(guān)",因為句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,省略了句子的并列部分,如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and (with) an increase in leisure time省略了with；在...than it did with their own economic necessity and ( it did ) with high marriage rates省略了it did。句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾high marriage rates。翻譯時采用融合法,把重要的部分放在句首。
譯文 20世紀(jì)已婚女性走出家門參加工作人數(shù)的增加主要是因為她們自己的經(jīng)濟需要,還與高結(jié)婚率使可參加工作的單身女工人數(shù)減少有關(guān),而與家務(wù)機械化、婦女空閑時間增多關(guān)系不大。
9. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.
要點 這是簡單句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語。因為與前一部分結(jié)構(gòu)相同,句子后一部分省略了（with）some （of its actions based）on poor ones括號中的詞。翻譯時采用順序法,對省略部分也要進行相應(yīng)省略,以使句子表達簡潔。
譯文 歐盟是不完善的機構(gòu),它的一些舉措是基于正確的政治經(jīng)濟原則之上的,而另一些卻遠非如此。
10. To Americans, being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
要點 這是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作賓語從句中的并列表語(其前省略了is)。翻譯時采用順序法。
譯文 對美國人而言,依靠自己的力量就是指這個人作為整體的一部分是完全獨立并能起作用的,他有能力也愿意做出選擇。