美國人喜歡短句表達(dá)

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由于美國人生活繁忙、緊張,講求快速,時(shí)間就是金錢,所以近年來許多美國大學(xué)也在推行日常生活的講和寫,不用難字,不寫長句,不含偏見的「三不」。也就是說,盡量使用簡短易懂的白話英語 (Plain English),寫得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使別人可以一目了然,充分了解。這不但可節(jié)省「思索」時(shí)間,也可避免對方的誤解。還有,老外為了族群和諧相處,也不使用帶有偏見的字眼。以下即為一些例子,以供讀者參考。
    1、尤其在商業(yè)上,報(bào)章雜志或公文書信上,盡量不用難字 (big word) 或過時(shí)的字眼 (old-fashioned word);
    » 例如:Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (許多人認(rèn)為道德教育是高等知識的基礎(chǔ)) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
    » Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英畝的土地是本大學(xué)發(fā)展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,會(huì)更簡單易懂。)
    » This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (這消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更簡單?) (動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是:spread, spread, spread)
    » The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (這大學(xué)的校長個(gè)子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白嗎?)
    » I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的員工解釋這份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也許更明白。)
    » Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想嘗試當(dāng)個(gè)醫(yī)生) (如果用try代替endeavor,會(huì)更淺白。) (endeavor = try)
    » We hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我們希望將來看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也許更簡單?。?BR>    » The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善機(jī)構(gòu)要求我們一年一度樂捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更淺白易懂。)(solicitation是名詞)
    » We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (當(dāng)新老板來后,我們不知會(huì)有什么發(fā)生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也許更明白。)
    » Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提過的事,請盡速辦理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)
    »這就像美國大文豪馬克吐溫 Mark Twain 也曾說過:「我不愿在字典里找長字或難字,我絕不用『metropolis』這個(gè)字,因?yàn)槲彝瑯涌梢杂谩篶ity』這個(gè)字來代替」。羅斯??偨y(tǒng)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)美國政府不會(huì)遺忘那些窮人,在一篇講詞里用了這么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后來被人批評咬文嚼字,賣弄文筆。如果用淺白易懂的字眼寫成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也許更簡單明白!
    2、老外也主張不寫嚕蘇或絢麗的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子應(yīng)該越短越好,一句能用兩個(gè)字,絕不多加一個(gè)。 例如:
    » At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該為我們的目標(biāo)團(tuán)結(jié)一致)(如果說:Now, we should pull……更簡單。因?yàn)?at this point in time = now)
    » Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (雖然我的英語不好,但我不灰心。) (如果說:Although my English is not…… 就更簡短。因?yàn)閐espite the fact that= although = Though)
    » I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生應(yīng)該辭職) (假如說:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)镮 am of the opinion = I think)
    » He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辭職) (若說:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更簡單。因?yàn)?due to the fact that = because)
    » In the majority of cases, he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜歡騎單車到辦公室) (如果說:Usually, he likes to ride…… 更簡單。因?yàn)?in the majority of cases = usually)
    » She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜歡茶而不是咖啡) (若說:She prefers tea rather……更簡短清楚,因?yàn)?show a preference for = prefer)
    » I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
    如果只說:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更簡單嗎?因?yàn)?bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意義的重復(fù)或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:
    » The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家認(rèn)為我們必須立即行動(dòng))(of opinion 可以省去,因?yàn)?consensus 的意思,就是大家的意見。)
    » The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信顯示問題尚未解決)(continue to 是多余的字,因?yàn)?remain 已經(jīng)有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成為:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)
    » He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演說里做出結(jié)論) (final 是多余的字,因?yàn)?conclusion 已經(jīng)含有 final 的意思。)
    » He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年經(jīng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)) (actual 也是多余的字,因?yàn)?experience 已有 actual 的意味)
    » We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我們裝好收音機(jī)的零件)(因?yàn)?assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)
    » Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因?yàn)?enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上會(huì)議報(bào)告,請查收)
    »寫到這里,想起一位深受美國人民愛戴,一向主張不寫長句、不嚕蘇的美國已故參議員 Stephen Young,他每次受邀參加會(huì)議、演講、宴會(huì)時(shí),他的回信只有三個(gè)字「我會(huì)到」(I'll be there)……。也有人打趣的說:「講演或?qū)懽鞯木渥?,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好?!梗↙ike wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
    此外還有:in reference to = about; draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。
    3、老外為了族群和諧相處,除不用歧視或偏見的字眼外,連男女性別,也要避免區(qū)別,以示「平等」。 例如:
    » Mankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人類是世上最聰明的動(dòng)物)= Man is the smartest animal……。 (如果改為:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面動(dòng)詞要用多數(shù),而 man 的后面動(dòng)詞,則用單數(shù))
    » Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (發(fā)展這里的經(jīng)濟(jì),似乎缺乏人力資源。)(如果說:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就沒有「男性主義」的感覺。可見 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)
    » This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(這個(gè)小公司昨天請來一名清潔女工)(如果說:This small company hired an office cleaner…也就沒有男女之分了)
    » He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自從1998年他就是委員會(huì)主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改為chairperson或chair,就沒有男女之分。) (如指討論會(huì)的主持人,也可稱為 moderator 或 coordinator。)
    » Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(許多商人覺得工作壓力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改為 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是單數(shù) man 或 woman,其多數(shù)都是 men 或 women。)
    » Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察對人民應(yīng)該有禮貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改為 police officers 就可避免男女性別)
    » Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (國會(huì)議員應(yīng)該為其選民說話)(constitute = voter) (我們也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改為 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)
    » Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(國際航線的空中小姐有時(shí)會(huì)有時(shí)差疲憊的現(xiàn)象)(如把 stewardess 改為 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服務(wù)員。)
    同理,我們可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改為 salesperson;把 mailman 改為 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改為 supervisor 等等。
    »當(dāng)然,一些帶有種族偏見的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要盡量避免使用,以免鬧出麻煩。例如:
    »對黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 還可以),禮貌的說法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
    »對白人不要用 Honky(這是黑人罵白人的用字),正確用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;
    »對*人不要用 Hymies,應(yīng)該叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
    »對越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;
    »至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正確的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不過據(jù)說西班牙人為了維護(hù)自己的文化,倒喜歡別人稱為 Spaniard。
    »還有黑白結(jié)婚的孩子,也不可稱為 Oreo(Oreo 餅乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
    »有偏見的老外,不叫華人為 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(從前還叫「Yellow Peril」,即黃禍)。
    »遇到這種事,怎么辦呢?我建議:「君子不與小人斗」,是「不理」(ignore)或「走開」(walk away)。不過老外與你談話時(shí),如果使用這些不禮貌的字眼,那么你就可以說:「For your information, the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想讓你知道:你剛剛所用的字,來描寫我的族群,是很不合適的)。這時(shí),你也可說一句「拜拜」了。