2001 Passage 1
1. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless,the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values.
「譯文」 在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有明顯的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有某種(特殊的)含義,即相關(guān)人員并沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)群體,尤其是指他們也許并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。
「析句」 第一個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是因果復(fù)合句,主句是No clearcut… in science,后面是一個(gè)省略了as的從句,以說(shuō)明原因。在第二個(gè)句子中,nevertheless是轉(zhuǎn)折詞,表示上下文語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)折,其主句是the word “amateur” does carry a connotation,后面跟了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,其中有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)成分。
「講詞」 clear-cut意為“明顯的,明確的,清楚的”。This is a clear-cut victory for our team.(對(duì)于我們的球隊(duì)來(lái)說(shuō),這是一場(chǎng)完勝。)
distinction意為“區(qū)別,差別,特性,聲望”。在表示“區(qū)別,差別”時(shí),它與 difference比更強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)別或辨別的過(guò)程。He is a diplomat of distinction.(他是一位卓越的外交官。)
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
「譯文」 特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然最為明顯,它可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。
「析句」 兩個(gè)分句同一個(gè)主語(yǔ),即the trend,兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)為was obvious和can be illustrated.在前一個(gè)分句中,based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training用來(lái)修飾areas of science.在后一個(gè)分句中,介詞短語(yǔ)in terms of … United Kingdom作狀語(yǔ)。
「講詞」 illustrate意為“插圖,圖解,舉例說(shuō)明,闡述”。The book was illustrated with color photographs.(這本書(shū)配上了彩色照片。)His story illustrates her true generosity very clearly.(他所說(shuō)的事很清楚地說(shuō)明了她確實(shí)慷慨大方。)
in terms of是一個(gè)常用短語(yǔ),意為“根據(jù),按照;用……的話,在……方面”。They have tremendous pressure in terms of schooling and employment.(他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)和就業(yè)方面面臨了巨大的壓力。)The rural-urban divide is most pressing in terms of infrastructure and public services.(在基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和公共服務(wù)方面,城鄉(xiāng)差距非常大。)
3. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
「譯文」 對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在不但越來(lái)越強(qiáng)調(diào)把研究放在首位,而且對(duì)什么是可以接受的論文的界定也在不斷變化。
「析句」 本句的主語(yǔ)是a comparison… and a half,謂語(yǔ)是reveals,賓語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)由not simply和but also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu),注意賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition前都有分詞來(lái)修飾。
「講詞」 在英漢翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)該慎重處理限制性成分,如句中的increasing emphasis,the primacy of research,changing definition,an acceptable research paper.
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的不同。如果拘泥于英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu),那么翻譯出來(lái)的句子就顯得生硬,因此在實(shí)際翻譯過(guò)程中應(yīng)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
4. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
「譯文」 總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而廣泛引入審稿制度使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)。這種制度在19世紀(jì)率先為全國(guó)性雜志采用,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志也相繼實(shí)行。
「析句」 全句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The overall result… for amateurs,隨后跟了一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ)a result that…,為全句主語(yǔ)(the overall result)的同位語(yǔ)。名詞性短語(yǔ)后又跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)first by…,and then by…。
本句的理解重點(diǎn)在于理順句子結(jié)構(gòu),要看到在第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞了,可以一層一層地把這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)分解開(kāi)。
「講詞」 entrance意指“入口”,此處指發(fā)表文章,進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)圈子。college entrance examinations(大學(xué)升學(xué)考試,高考)。entrance to journals指在刊物上發(fā)表文章。
reinforce意為“加強(qiáng),增援,補(bǔ)充”。The news reinforced her hopes.(這個(gè)消息增加了她的希望。)Such an event reinforced my conviction that we should get the job done immediately.(這一事件使我堅(jiān)信,我們應(yīng)該立即著手完成這一工作。) reinforced concrete意為“鋼筋混凝土”。
5. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
「譯文」 類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家組成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以一種不同的方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)并列句,兩個(gè)分句由whereas連接,分別說(shuō)明專(zhuān)業(yè)人員(professionals)和業(yè)余人員(amateurs)的差別。coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解為“組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)”。注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在數(shù)字表達(dá)上的區(qū)別,漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)四五個(gè),英語(yǔ)則不能說(shuō)four and five或 four to five,而應(yīng)該說(shuō)four or five.
「講詞」 society最常見(jiàn)的意思是“社會(huì)”,例如:We should be prepared before we graduate and enter society.(我們?cè)诋厴I(yè)并進(jìn)入社會(huì)之前應(yīng)該做好準(zhǔn)備。)society可以指“社會(huì)團(tuán)體”,包括黑社會(huì)中的組織;也可以指“上流社會(huì);交往”。
1. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless,the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values.
「譯文」 在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專(zhuān)業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒(méi)有明顯的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)律都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確具有某種(特殊的)含義,即相關(guān)人員并沒(méi)有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)群體,尤其是指他們也許并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。
「析句」 第一個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是因果復(fù)合句,主句是No clearcut… in science,后面是一個(gè)省略了as的從句,以說(shuō)明原因。在第二個(gè)句子中,nevertheless是轉(zhuǎn)折詞,表示上下文語(yǔ)意的轉(zhuǎn)折,其主句是the word “amateur” does carry a connotation,后面跟了一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,其中有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)成分。
「講詞」 clear-cut意為“明顯的,明確的,清楚的”。This is a clear-cut victory for our team.(對(duì)于我們的球隊(duì)來(lái)說(shuō),這是一場(chǎng)完勝。)
distinction意為“區(qū)別,差別,特性,聲望”。在表示“區(qū)別,差別”時(shí),它與 difference比更強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)別或辨別的過(guò)程。He is a diplomat of distinction.(他是一位卓越的外交官。)
2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
「譯文」 特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,這種傾向自然最為明顯,它可以通過(guò)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展過(guò)程來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。
「析句」 兩個(gè)分句同一個(gè)主語(yǔ),即the trend,兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)為was obvious和can be illustrated.在前一個(gè)分句中,based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training用來(lái)修飾areas of science.在后一個(gè)分句中,介詞短語(yǔ)in terms of … United Kingdom作狀語(yǔ)。
「講詞」 illustrate意為“插圖,圖解,舉例說(shuō)明,闡述”。The book was illustrated with color photographs.(這本書(shū)配上了彩色照片。)His story illustrates her true generosity very clearly.(他所說(shuō)的事很清楚地說(shuō)明了她確實(shí)慷慨大方。)
in terms of是一個(gè)常用短語(yǔ),意為“根據(jù),按照;用……的話,在……方面”。They have tremendous pressure in terms of schooling and employment.(他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)和就業(yè)方面面臨了巨大的壓力。)The rural-urban divide is most pressing in terms of infrastructure and public services.(在基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和公共服務(wù)方面,城鄉(xiāng)差距非常大。)
3. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
「譯文」 對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在不但越來(lái)越強(qiáng)調(diào)把研究放在首位,而且對(duì)什么是可以接受的論文的界定也在不斷變化。
「析句」 本句的主語(yǔ)是a comparison… and a half,謂語(yǔ)是reveals,賓語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)由not simply和but also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu),注意賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition前都有分詞來(lái)修飾。
「講詞」 在英漢翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)該慎重處理限制性成分,如句中的increasing emphasis,the primacy of research,changing definition,an acceptable research paper.
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的不同。如果拘泥于英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu),那么翻譯出來(lái)的句子就顯得生硬,因此在實(shí)際翻譯過(guò)程中應(yīng)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
4. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.
「譯文」 總的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難,而廣泛引入審稿制度使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)。這種制度在19世紀(jì)率先為全國(guó)性雜志采用,進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志也相繼實(shí)行。
「析句」 全句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The overall result… for amateurs,隨后跟了一個(gè)名詞性的短語(yǔ)a result that…,為全句主語(yǔ)(the overall result)的同位語(yǔ)。名詞性短語(yǔ)后又跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,而定語(yǔ)從句中又有兩個(gè)并列的狀語(yǔ)first by…,and then by…。
本句的理解重點(diǎn)在于理順句子結(jié)構(gòu),要看到在第一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞了,可以一層一層地把這個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)分解開(kāi)。
「講詞」 entrance意指“入口”,此處指發(fā)表文章,進(jìn)入專(zhuān)業(yè)圈子。college entrance examinations(大學(xué)升學(xué)考試,高考)。entrance to journals指在刊物上發(fā)表文章。
reinforce意為“加強(qiáng),增援,補(bǔ)充”。The news reinforced her hopes.(這個(gè)消息增加了她的希望。)Such an event reinforced my conviction that we should get the job done immediately.(這一事件使我堅(jiān)信,我們應(yīng)該立即著手完成這一工作。) reinforced concrete意為“鋼筋混凝土”。
5. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
「譯文」 類(lèi)似的分化過(guò)程導(dǎo)致專(zhuān)業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家組成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以一種不同的方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)并列句,兩個(gè)分句由whereas連接,分別說(shuō)明專(zhuān)業(yè)人員(professionals)和業(yè)余人員(amateurs)的差別。coming together nationally within one or two specific societies理解為“組成一到兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)”。注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在數(shù)字表達(dá)上的區(qū)別,漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)四五個(gè),英語(yǔ)則不能說(shuō)four and five或 four to five,而應(yīng)該說(shuō)four or five.
「講詞」 society最常見(jiàn)的意思是“社會(huì)”,例如:We should be prepared before we graduate and enter society.(我們?cè)诋厴I(yè)并進(jìn)入社會(huì)之前應(yīng)該做好準(zhǔn)備。)society可以指“社會(huì)團(tuán)體”,包括黑社會(huì)中的組織;也可以指“上流社會(huì);交往”。