一、真題文章（1994年text 1）
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise， market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen， striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures， largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers， coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources （private property） ， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
二、譯文
美國的經(jīng)濟體系是圍繞一個基本的私營企業(yè)進行組織的，它是以市場為向?qū)У慕?jīng)濟，在這個體系中，通過在市場上花錢購買那些消費者最需要的商品和服務(wù)，消費者在很大程度上決定了將要生產(chǎn)什么。為了追逐利潤，私營的商人們生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品或提供這些服務(wù)，并和其他商人競爭，而這種競爭壓力下的謀利動機在很大程度上決定了如何生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù)。因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系下，消費者的個人需求，還有商人追求利潤化的欲望以及個人對收入使用價值話的要求，這些加在一起共同決定了生產(chǎn)什么和怎樣利用有限的資源進行生產(chǎn)。
在以市場為向?qū)У慕?jīng)濟體制中有一個重要的因素，就是要建立起一個合理的機制使消費者的需求得以體現(xiàn)，并傳達到生產(chǎn)者那里。在美國經(jīng)濟中，這一機制是由價格體系來提供，就是通過價格的漲落來表現(xiàn)供求關(guān)系。如果某種產(chǎn)品供不應(yīng)求，價格應(yīng)就會上漲，某些消費者就會退出市場；相反，大批量生產(chǎn)某種商品導(dǎo)致成本降低，就會造成銷售生產(chǎn)商增加這種商品的供應(yīng)，而相應(yīng)的這會使價格降低，使更多的消費者能夠購買此類產(chǎn)品。因此，價格就是美國的經(jīng)濟體系中的規(guī)范機制。
在私有企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟體制中，一個重要的因素是，個人被允許擁有生產(chǎn)資料（個人財產(chǎn)），允許他們雇傭勞動力，掌握自然資源，并且生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù)以獲取利潤。在美國經(jīng)濟中，私人財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料所有權(quán)，而且還包括某些權(quán)利，比如產(chǎn)品價格的決定權(quán)，以及和其他私營個體自由訂立合同的權(quán)利。
三、考研核心詞匯
economic /7i：kE5nCmik/ adj. 1經(jīng)濟（上）的2產(chǎn)供銷的3經(jīng)濟學(xué)的
[例] The country is a bad economic state. 國家經(jīng)濟狀況很糟糕。
basically /5beIsIkElI/ adv. 基本上， 主要地
[例] Basically， he is a nice person， but he doesn't always show it. 他基本上是個好人，但并不經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出來。
[同義] essentially， fundamentally
enterprise / 5entEpraiz / n. 1企業(yè)， 事業(yè)，計劃2事業(yè)心， 進取心；干事業(yè)
[例] Watch making and banking are the chief enterprises of the country. 制表業(yè)和銀行業(yè)是這個國家的主要企業(yè)。
[派生] enterprising / 5entEpraiziN / adj. 有事業(yè)心的， 有進取心的， 有魄力的， 有膽量的
[固定搭配]free enterprise 自由企業(yè)經(jīng)濟，私營企業(yè)
orient / [5C：riEnt / n. 東方， 東方諸國（指地中海以東各國） vi.1適應(yīng)形勢 2向東 vt. 1使朝東2 使適應(yīng)；確定方向
[例] In the markets， I breathed the smells of the Orient. 在這些市場上，我聞到東方國家的氣味。
[反義] occident / 5RksIdEnt / n. 西方， 西洋， 歐美， 西歐諸國
[派生] oriental / 7C（：）ri5entl / n. 東方人（尤指中國人和日本人）
adj. 東方諸國的， 亞洲的， 東方的；（珍珠等）質(zhì)的
orientation / 7C（：）rien5teiFEn/ n. 方向， 方位， 定位， 傾向性， 向東方
consumer / kEn5sju：mE / n. 消費者
[例] The price increases were passed on by the firm to the consumers. 公司把上漲的費用都轉(zhuǎn)嫁到消費者身上。
[派生] consume / kEn5sju：m / vt. 1消耗， 消費， 消滅；大吃大喝， 2吸引 vi. 消滅， 毀滅
consumption / kEn5sQmpFEn / n. 消費， 消費量
strive / straiv / v. 努力， 奮斗， 力爭， 斗爭
[例] He strove to be recognized as a musician. 他力爭被人們承認是個音樂家。
[同義] struggle， endeavor
[固定搭配]strive after [for] 為……奮斗； 力求……； 爭取……；strive toward
向……奮進， 為……而努力；strive with 同……作斗爭；
profit / 5prCfit / n. 利潤， 益處， 得益 vi. 得益， 利用 vt. 有益于， 有利于
[例] Speculators profits from changes in prices. 投機商從物價變動中得利。
[詞組] at a profit 以獲利為結(jié)果
[同義] gain， benefit， advantage
[反義] loss
[派生] profitable adj.有利可圖的
[固定搭配] fat profit 巨額利潤；make a profit on在…… 上獲利；make one's profit of 利用， 使對自已有利；to one's profit [with] profit 有益；profit by [from] 從……中得到益處[吸取教訓(xùn)]；
motive / 5mEutiv / n. 動機， 目的 adj. 發(fā)動的；運動的
[例] Greed was his only motive for stealing. 貪婪是他偷竊的原因。
[同義] aim， purpose
[派生] motivation / 7mEuti5veiFEn / n. 動機
pressure / `preFE（r） / n. 1壓，壓力2電壓3壓迫，強制，緊迫
[例] The pressure of the wind filled the sails of the boat. 風力使船帆張滿。
individual / 7indi5vidjuEl / n. 個人， 個體 adj. 個別的， 單獨的， 個人的
[例] The rights of the individual are perhaps the most important rights in a free society. 個人的權(quán)利恐怕是自由社會的最重要的權(quán)利。
maximize / 5mAksmaiz / vt. 取……值， 化
[例] We must maximize output. 我們必須盡量提高產(chǎn)量。
[反義] minimize / 5mInImaIz / vt. 將……減到最少 v. 最小化
[派生] minimum / 5minimEm / adj. 最小的， 最低的 n. 最小值， 最小化
maximum / 5mAksimEm / n. 量， 限度， 極大 adj. 的， 最多的， 極限的
resource / ri5sC：s / n. 資源， 財力， 辦法， 智謀
[例] natural resources 自然資源
a man of great resource 足智多謀的人
[固定搭配]leave sb. to his own resources 不去打擾
factor / 5fAktE / n. 1因素，要素，因數(shù)2代理人
[例] Her friendly manner is an important factor in her rapid success.
待人友好是她迅速獲得成功的重要因素。
mechanism / 5mekEnizEm / n. 1機械裝置2機構(gòu)，機制
[例] The clock doesn't go； there is something wrong with the mechanism. 鐘不走了，機件出了毛病。
respond / ris5pCnd / v. 回答， 響應(yīng)， 作出反應(yīng) vi. 有反應(yīng)
[例] I offered him a drink but he didn't respond. 我請他喝酒，但他未作回答。
relative / 5relEtiv / n. 1親戚2關(guān)系詞3相關(guān)物3親緣植物 adv. 1有關(guān)系的2相對的，比較而言的
[例] After his troubles， he's now in relative comfort. 困境過后，他現(xiàn)在比較舒服了。
[派生] relativity / 7relE5tiviti / n. 相對性， 相關(guān)性，相對論
[固定搭配] be relative to 1和……成比例2和……有關(guān)系3隨…為轉(zhuǎn)移
bid / bid / vt. 1出價，投標2祝愿3命令，吩咐n. 1出價，投標2支付
[例] They lost the contract because their bid was too high. 他們因索價太高而失去了那張合同。
eliminate / i5limineit / vt. 排除， 消除 v. 除去
[例] She has been eliminated from the swimming race because she did not win any of the practice races. 她已被取消了游泳比賽，因為她在訓(xùn)練中沒有得到名次。
[同義] remove， wipe out
commodity / kE5mCditi / n. 商品，日用品
[例] Air conditioners are one of the many commodities that Japan sells abroad. 空調(diào)是日本許多出口商品中的一種。
productive / prE5dQktiv / adj. 生產(chǎn)性的， 生產(chǎn)的；能產(chǎn)的， 多產(chǎn)的
[例] a very productive writer 多產(chǎn)作家
a productive effort 生產(chǎn)力
[派生] productivity / 7prCdQk5tiviti / n. 生產(chǎn)力
product / 5prCdEkt / n. 產(chǎn)品， 產(chǎn)物， 乘積
production / prE5dQkFEn / n. 生產(chǎn)， 產(chǎn)品， 作品， （研究）成果
property / 5prCpEti / n. 財產(chǎn)， 所有物， 所有權(quán)， 性質(zhì)， 特性， （小）道具
[例] This car is my property. 這車是我的財產(chǎn)。
[同義] possession， belongings
embrace / im5breis / vt.1擁抱；互相擁抱2包含3收買4信奉 vi.擁抱n.擁抱
[例] She embraced her son tenderly when he came home after ten years' absence. 她兒子離家十年后回家時她親切地擁抱兒子。
[同義] hug， hold， accept， adopt
四、強化練習
1、The article＿＿＿many important points of the government reconstruction plan.
A. fluctuates B. flourish C. endows D. embraces
2、The police found some stolen ＿＿ in the thief's house.
A. property B. factor C. relative D. motive
3、We must ＿＿＿ our products to the needs of the market.
A. enterprise B. eliminate C. orient D. commodity
4、This new invention will bring you great ＿＿＿ like a goldmine.
A. bid B. profits C. control D. rein
5、The patient has ＿＿＿ rapidly to the treatment.
A. responded B. occupied C. occur D. denoted
6、The ＿＿＿ of oral learning is largely that of continuous repetition.
A. maximum B. quantity C. mechanism D. strength
7、The sick man complained of a feeling of ＿＿＿ on his chest.
A. stride B. stream C. linger D. pressure
8、His ＿＿ for working so hard is that he needs money.
A. optimum B. ornament C. reign D. motive
9、The little girl ＿＿＿ her granny good morning as she gets up in the morning.
A. strike B. bid C. provoke D. bid
10、The local library is a valuable ＿＿＿。
A. flare B. dilemma C. resource D. diffuse
答案：DACBA CDCDC
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise， market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen， striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures， largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers， coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources （private property） ， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
二、譯文
美國的經(jīng)濟體系是圍繞一個基本的私營企業(yè)進行組織的，它是以市場為向?qū)У慕?jīng)濟，在這個體系中，通過在市場上花錢購買那些消費者最需要的商品和服務(wù)，消費者在很大程度上決定了將要生產(chǎn)什么。為了追逐利潤，私營的商人們生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品或提供這些服務(wù)，并和其他商人競爭，而這種競爭壓力下的謀利動機在很大程度上決定了如何生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù)。因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系下，消費者的個人需求，還有商人追求利潤化的欲望以及個人對收入使用價值話的要求，這些加在一起共同決定了生產(chǎn)什么和怎樣利用有限的資源進行生產(chǎn)。
在以市場為向?qū)У慕?jīng)濟體制中有一個重要的因素，就是要建立起一個合理的機制使消費者的需求得以體現(xiàn)，并傳達到生產(chǎn)者那里。在美國經(jīng)濟中，這一機制是由價格體系來提供，就是通過價格的漲落來表現(xiàn)供求關(guān)系。如果某種產(chǎn)品供不應(yīng)求，價格應(yīng)就會上漲，某些消費者就會退出市場；相反，大批量生產(chǎn)某種商品導(dǎo)致成本降低，就會造成銷售生產(chǎn)商增加這種商品的供應(yīng)，而相應(yīng)的這會使價格降低，使更多的消費者能夠購買此類產(chǎn)品。因此，價格就是美國的經(jīng)濟體系中的規(guī)范機制。
在私有企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟體制中，一個重要的因素是，個人被允許擁有生產(chǎn)資料（個人財產(chǎn)），允許他們雇傭勞動力，掌握自然資源，并且生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品和提供服務(wù)以獲取利潤。在美國經(jīng)濟中，私人財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料所有權(quán)，而且還包括某些權(quán)利，比如產(chǎn)品價格的決定權(quán)，以及和其他私營個體自由訂立合同的權(quán)利。
三、考研核心詞匯
economic /7i：kE5nCmik/ adj. 1經(jīng)濟（上）的2產(chǎn)供銷的3經(jīng)濟學(xué)的
[例] The country is a bad economic state. 國家經(jīng)濟狀況很糟糕。
basically /5beIsIkElI/ adv. 基本上， 主要地
[例] Basically， he is a nice person， but he doesn't always show it. 他基本上是個好人，但并不經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出來。
[同義] essentially， fundamentally
enterprise / 5entEpraiz / n. 1企業(yè)， 事業(yè)，計劃2事業(yè)心， 進取心；干事業(yè)
[例] Watch making and banking are the chief enterprises of the country. 制表業(yè)和銀行業(yè)是這個國家的主要企業(yè)。
[派生] enterprising / 5entEpraiziN / adj. 有事業(yè)心的， 有進取心的， 有魄力的， 有膽量的
[固定搭配]free enterprise 自由企業(yè)經(jīng)濟，私營企業(yè)
orient / [5C：riEnt / n. 東方， 東方諸國（指地中海以東各國） vi.1適應(yīng)形勢 2向東 vt. 1使朝東2 使適應(yīng)；確定方向
[例] In the markets， I breathed the smells of the Orient. 在這些市場上，我聞到東方國家的氣味。
[反義] occident / 5RksIdEnt / n. 西方， 西洋， 歐美， 西歐諸國
[派生] oriental / 7C（：）ri5entl / n. 東方人（尤指中國人和日本人）
adj. 東方諸國的， 亞洲的， 東方的；（珍珠等）質(zhì)的
orientation / 7C（：）rien5teiFEn/ n. 方向， 方位， 定位， 傾向性， 向東方
consumer / kEn5sju：mE / n. 消費者
[例] The price increases were passed on by the firm to the consumers. 公司把上漲的費用都轉(zhuǎn)嫁到消費者身上。
[派生] consume / kEn5sju：m / vt. 1消耗， 消費， 消滅；大吃大喝， 2吸引 vi. 消滅， 毀滅
consumption / kEn5sQmpFEn / n. 消費， 消費量
strive / straiv / v. 努力， 奮斗， 力爭， 斗爭
[例] He strove to be recognized as a musician. 他力爭被人們承認是個音樂家。
[同義] struggle， endeavor
[固定搭配]strive after [for] 為……奮斗； 力求……； 爭取……；strive toward
向……奮進， 為……而努力；strive with 同……作斗爭；
profit / 5prCfit / n. 利潤， 益處， 得益 vi. 得益， 利用 vt. 有益于， 有利于
[例] Speculators profits from changes in prices. 投機商從物價變動中得利。
[詞組] at a profit 以獲利為結(jié)果
[同義] gain， benefit， advantage
[反義] loss
[派生] profitable adj.有利可圖的
[固定搭配] fat profit 巨額利潤；make a profit on在…… 上獲利；make one's profit of 利用， 使對自已有利；to one's profit [with] profit 有益；profit by [from] 從……中得到益處[吸取教訓(xùn)]；
motive / 5mEutiv / n. 動機， 目的 adj. 發(fā)動的；運動的
[例] Greed was his only motive for stealing. 貪婪是他偷竊的原因。
[同義] aim， purpose
[派生] motivation / 7mEuti5veiFEn / n. 動機
pressure / `preFE（r） / n. 1壓，壓力2電壓3壓迫，強制，緊迫
[例] The pressure of the wind filled the sails of the boat. 風力使船帆張滿。
individual / 7indi5vidjuEl / n. 個人， 個體 adj. 個別的， 單獨的， 個人的
[例] The rights of the individual are perhaps the most important rights in a free society. 個人的權(quán)利恐怕是自由社會的最重要的權(quán)利。
maximize / 5mAksmaiz / vt. 取……值， 化
[例] We must maximize output. 我們必須盡量提高產(chǎn)量。
[反義] minimize / 5mInImaIz / vt. 將……減到最少 v. 最小化
[派生] minimum / 5minimEm / adj. 最小的， 最低的 n. 最小值， 最小化
maximum / 5mAksimEm / n. 量， 限度， 極大 adj. 的， 最多的， 極限的
resource / ri5sC：s / n. 資源， 財力， 辦法， 智謀
[例] natural resources 自然資源
a man of great resource 足智多謀的人
[固定搭配]leave sb. to his own resources 不去打擾
factor / 5fAktE / n. 1因素，要素，因數(shù)2代理人
[例] Her friendly manner is an important factor in her rapid success.
待人友好是她迅速獲得成功的重要因素。
mechanism / 5mekEnizEm / n. 1機械裝置2機構(gòu)，機制
[例] The clock doesn't go； there is something wrong with the mechanism. 鐘不走了，機件出了毛病。
respond / ris5pCnd / v. 回答， 響應(yīng)， 作出反應(yīng) vi. 有反應(yīng)
[例] I offered him a drink but he didn't respond. 我請他喝酒，但他未作回答。
relative / 5relEtiv / n. 1親戚2關(guān)系詞3相關(guān)物3親緣植物 adv. 1有關(guān)系的2相對的，比較而言的
[例] After his troubles， he's now in relative comfort. 困境過后，他現(xiàn)在比較舒服了。
[派生] relativity / 7relE5tiviti / n. 相對性， 相關(guān)性，相對論
[固定搭配] be relative to 1和……成比例2和……有關(guān)系3隨…為轉(zhuǎn)移
bid / bid / vt. 1出價，投標2祝愿3命令，吩咐n. 1出價，投標2支付
[例] They lost the contract because their bid was too high. 他們因索價太高而失去了那張合同。
eliminate / i5limineit / vt. 排除， 消除 v. 除去
[例] She has been eliminated from the swimming race because she did not win any of the practice races. 她已被取消了游泳比賽，因為她在訓(xùn)練中沒有得到名次。
[同義] remove， wipe out
commodity / kE5mCditi / n. 商品，日用品
[例] Air conditioners are one of the many commodities that Japan sells abroad. 空調(diào)是日本許多出口商品中的一種。
productive / prE5dQktiv / adj. 生產(chǎn)性的， 生產(chǎn)的；能產(chǎn)的， 多產(chǎn)的
[例] a very productive writer 多產(chǎn)作家
a productive effort 生產(chǎn)力
[派生] productivity / 7prCdQk5tiviti / n. 生產(chǎn)力
product / 5prCdEkt / n. 產(chǎn)品， 產(chǎn)物， 乘積
production / prE5dQkFEn / n. 生產(chǎn)， 產(chǎn)品， 作品， （研究）成果
property / 5prCpEti / n. 財產(chǎn)， 所有物， 所有權(quán)， 性質(zhì)， 特性， （小）道具
[例] This car is my property. 這車是我的財產(chǎn)。
[同義] possession， belongings
embrace / im5breis / vt.1擁抱；互相擁抱2包含3收買4信奉 vi.擁抱n.擁抱
[例] She embraced her son tenderly when he came home after ten years' absence. 她兒子離家十年后回家時她親切地擁抱兒子。
[同義] hug， hold， accept， adopt
四、強化練習
1、The article＿＿＿many important points of the government reconstruction plan.
A. fluctuates B. flourish C. endows D. embraces
2、The police found some stolen ＿＿ in the thief's house.
A. property B. factor C. relative D. motive
3、We must ＿＿＿ our products to the needs of the market.
A. enterprise B. eliminate C. orient D. commodity
4、This new invention will bring you great ＿＿＿ like a goldmine.
A. bid B. profits C. control D. rein
5、The patient has ＿＿＿ rapidly to the treatment.
A. responded B. occupied C. occur D. denoted
6、The ＿＿＿ of oral learning is largely that of continuous repetition.
A. maximum B. quantity C. mechanism D. strength
7、The sick man complained of a feeling of ＿＿＿ on his chest.
A. stride B. stream C. linger D. pressure
8、His ＿＿ for working so hard is that he needs money.
A. optimum B. ornament C. reign D. motive
9、The little girl ＿＿＿ her granny good morning as she gets up in the morning.
A. strike B. bid C. provoke D. bid
10、The local library is a valuable ＿＿＿。
A. flare B. dilemma C. resource D. diffuse
答案：DACBA CDCDC