考研英語英漢翻譯高分攻略 (4)

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15、在語言的使用方式中,英語和漢語有何不同?
    英語多引申,漢語多推理。英語有兩句俗話:一是You know a work by the company it keeps.(要知義如何,關(guān)鍵看詞伙),二是Words do not have meaning,but people have meaning for them.(詞本無人,義隨人生)。這說明詞典對詞的定義和解釋是死的,而實際運用中的語言是活的。從原文角度來說,這種活用是詞義和用法的引申,翻譯的時候要準(zhǔn)確理解這種引申,譯者就需要進行推理。
    經(jīng)典例題19 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年71題)
    參考譯文:盡管關(guān)于歷史的定義幾乎和歷史學(xué)家一樣多,現(xiàn)代實踐最符合這樣一種定義,即把歷史看作是對過去重大歷史事件的再現(xiàn)和解釋。
    “recreate”根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法和一般詞典上解釋都是“重新創(chuàng)造”,而考研英語大綱詞匯表中只有名詞“recreation”,所給詞義為“娛樂、消遣”,在這種情況下,考生很容易把recreate譯成“重新創(chuàng)造”或者“娛樂”。仔細(xì)觀察一下recreate在句中的用法,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)它帶有賓語the significant events of the part(過去的重大歷史事件)。從邏輯上來講,“過去的重大歷史事件”是不能“重新創(chuàng)造”的,作者顯然對recreate一詞的詞義進行了引申,再想想我們生活中發(fā)生的情況:歷史、文學(xué)、電影、電視經(jīng)常向我們展示過去發(fā)生的事情,這種展示用恰當(dāng)?shù)闹形谋磉_就是“再現(xiàn)”,所以,句中用“再現(xiàn)”譯recreate才是正確的理解和表達。做翻譯的人經(jīng)常會有這樣一種感受:某個詞明明認(rèn)識,可就是不知道該怎樣表達。這其實就是詞的引申和推理在起作用?,F(xiàn)在我們看一看sure這個詞在不同句子中的處理情況:
    經(jīng)典例題20
    ①I am not quite sure of his having said it. 我不能確定他是否說過這話。
    ②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.這是我們?nèi)〉贸晒ψ羁煽康谋WC。
    ③He made a sure step out of the mud. 他從泥淖中跨出了穩(wěn)健的一步。
    ④She had a sure grasp of the subject. 她對這門學(xué)科的知識掌握得很牢固。
    ⑤He is very sure in his beliefs. 他的信仰十分堅定。
    5個sure分別譯成了“確定”、“可靠的”、“穩(wěn)健的”、“牢固”和“堅定”,如果都譯成大家熟悉的“確信的”、“肯定的”,中文譯文豈不成了天書?原文詞義稍有引申,譯文就要進行適當(dāng)?shù)耐评怼?BR>    16、就句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言,英語和漢語有何不同?
    英語多省略,漢語多補充。英語一方面十分注重句子結(jié)構(gòu),另一方面又喜歡使用省略。英語省略的類型很多,有名詞的省略,動詞的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中,英語往往省略前面已出現(xiàn)過的詞語,而漢語則往往重復(fù)這些省略了的詞。
    經(jīng)典例題21
    ①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.野心不僅是罪惡的根源,同時也是毀滅的根源。
    ②Reading exercises one's eyes;speaking,one's tongue;while writing,one's mind.F.Bacon)閱讀訓(xùn)練人的眼睛,說話訓(xùn)練人的口齒,寫作訓(xùn)練人的思維。
    ③Association with the good can only produce good,with the wicked,evil.近朱者,近墨者黑。
    ④One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一個和尚挑水吃,兩個和尚抬水吃,三個和尚沒水吃。
    在考研英譯漢中,省略是一種很常見的現(xiàn)象。
    經(jīng)典例題22 Whether to use test,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
    參考譯文:因此,究竟是使用測試,其它種類的信息,還是在特定的情況下兩者都使用,取決于關(guān)于相對效度的來自經(jīng)驗的證據(jù),同時還取決于成本和可獲得性這樣的因素。
    whehter…or…是并列連詞,or前面省略了不定式to use,and upon中間省略了動詞depends,譯文中補充了“使用”和“取決”。
    17、就邏輯思維而言,英語和漢語有何不同?
    英語多前重心,漢語多后重心。在表達多邏輯思維時,英語往往是判斷或結(jié)論等在前,事實或描寫等在后,即重心在前;漢語則是由因到果、由假設(shè)到推論、由事實到結(jié)論,即重心在后。
    經(jīng)典例題23 I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
    參考譯文:由于貴國政府的提議,才得以這樣快地重新實現(xiàn)訪問。這使我感到特別高興。
    經(jīng)典例題24 The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.
    參考譯文:如果一個民族不能自由地決定其政治地位,不能自由地保證其經(jīng)濟,社會和文化的發(fā)展,要享受其基本權(quán)利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。這一論斷幾乎是無可置辯的了。
    不難看出,英語和漢語的重心在句中的位置有時是不一樣的,翻譯的時候如果不進行調(diào)整,勢必給表達造成很大的困難。以上是英語跟漢語在思維方式和表達習(xí)慣上的十大區(qū)別。只有了解這些區(qū)別,才能對英譯漢有正確的認(rèn)識,才能在翻譯中抓住重點,找到解決問題的辦法。
    18. 做英譯漢時所依據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么?
    最為提倡的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個世紀(jì)前嚴(yán)復(fù)提出的“信、達、雅”。大學(xué)英語測試中的英譯漢雖然是應(yīng)試之作,但對“信、達、雅”文字原則一樣可行?!靶拧奔粗覍崳g文須忠實于原文:“達”即通達順暢,讀來流暢,符合譯文的語言習(xí)慣:“雅”是對語言的更高要求,即譯文要雅致,是優(yōu)美的漢語。對于大學(xué)非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生來說,英譯漢必須掌握前兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在達到“信”和“達”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后,可以追求最后一則。
    翻譯的過程大致分為三步: 理解、表達與校正。理解指對原文的理解,主要是指首先找到要翻譯句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),看看這句話主要講什么,然后再找出句子的其他成分,如定語、賓語、狀語等。表達是指把原文分析后,用譯文表達。校正就是在完成了表達之后,對照原文進行檢查,看看所選詞義是否符合上下文,原文要表達的意思有沒有表達錯誤,漢語的譯文中意義上是否與原文對等,譯文有沒有譯者增加的不是原文作者的意思,或者譯者刪減,丟失了原文作者要表達的意思。這三個環(huán)境是翻譯過程必不可少的。
    19、理解句子時應(yīng)注意些什么問題?
    理解原文是翻譯最關(guān)鍵、最易出問題的一步。譯文的模糊不清很多時候是源于譯者對原文理解得不透徹、不仔細(xì)。理由可以從以下幾個方面來考慮:
    (1)搞清句子結(jié)構(gòu),辨別主語和謂語。抓住了句子的主干,各部分之間的從屬關(guān)系也就看得比較清楚,有益于從整體把握句子。
    (2)理解虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣是英語特有的一種表達方式,它包括對現(xiàn)在、未來、過去的假設(shè),在英語中有多種表現(xiàn),譯成漢語時一定要弄清它的對象和范圍,盡量把虛擬的意思傳達出來。
    (3)搞清楚關(guān)系。句中如果有代詞,應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文找出其所指代的內(nèi)容,并將其準(zhǔn)確地翻譯出來。
    (4)明白否定的方式。英語思維的特點也表現(xiàn)在它對否定式的用法上,中國讀者往往容易在這里產(chǎn)生錯誤。例如:
    All that glitters is not gold(發(fā)光的未必都是金子)。
    在這里是以全部否定的形式來表達部分否定的事實。英語也用雙重否定表示肯定,這種現(xiàn)象英語中常見,漢語中并不常見,翻譯時需要多加注意。
    (5)一詞多義。一詞多義是很常見的現(xiàn)象。判斷詞義一定要根據(jù)上下文確定其具體的義,不能因為是過去認(rèn)識的詞便不加深究,便草率地按以前的理解翻譯而產(chǎn)生錯誤。如:
    There is company downstairs.樓下有客人。
    如按通常的理解以為company是“公司”的意思,就出錯了。
    (6)注意英國英語和美國英語的不同。英美語言之間有很多差異,比如:英國英語中continent指歐洲大陸,而在美語中,continent卻指美洲大陸;又如:英語中homely是“家常的、樸素的”的意思,并無貶義,在美語中卻是“不漂亮的”。所以翻譯時一定要搞清文章是英語作者還是美國作者寫的。
    (7)成語。成語具有約定俗成的特點,屬于語言中較難理解的部分。英語的某些成語具有形象思維的特點,可以和漢語相吻合,比如:Strike the iron as it is hot.(趁熱打鐵)但有一個成語的含義與我們的理解大相徑庭,如:Claw me and I will claw thee.(互相吹捧)所以翻譯時一定要小心。
    (8)語意的褒貶與輕重。翻譯時還要注意詞語的感情色彩,即它是褒、是貶,還是中性。這種感情色彩往往表明了作者的主觀態(tài)度,好惡與愛憎。把握住它對于正確、傳神的翻譯是非常必要的。有時單憑個別詞是難以判斷的,還要根據(jù)上下文來判斷,因為為達到諷刺的目的,作者可能正話反說或反話正說。
    (9)注意文章的語體色彩。如果是專業(yè)文章,那么術(shù)語一定很多,敘述也較客觀,少有個人色彩,翻譯時應(yīng)多選用正式的詞語。如果是一般的敘述,則可能日常用語較多,小詞和短語較多。翻譯時也要注意這一點,以此來確定詞語的選擇。
    (10)留心文化背景。中西文化的差異非常明顯。比如,中國的親戚劃分非常仔細(xì),而英文中的cousin一詞對應(yīng)的中文可以是表(堂)兄弟(姐妹),可以有八個之多。
    本章試以2002年真題為例,幫助考生熟悉英譯漢這種題型的難易程度、出題思路,并具體指導(dǎo)考生如何應(yīng)對。
    以下為2002年真題:
    經(jīng)典例題25 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional pre_scientific views,and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self_governing)man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”。Who will use a technology and to what ends?65)Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
    首先通讀文章。該篇主要講的是:我們?nèi)祟惖囊恍┲饕獑栴}只有借助行為科學(xué)才能解決。而行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展與人類認(rèn)知環(huán)境對人類行為的影響密切相關(guān)。研究行為的技術(shù)手段存在的前提是它取代傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)理論。傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的自由和尊嚴(yán)是要求一個人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定。但科學(xué)分析把這一切都?xì)w因于環(huán)境的作用。誰來使用這種技術(shù)手段?以及到什么樣的程度?研究行為的技術(shù)手段只有在這些問題得到解決之后才有可能不繼續(xù)受到排斥。
    在通讀之后,我們再來分析理解劃線的句子。
    一般來說,英漢兩種語言在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的差異。英譯漢試題中復(fù)合句、長難句較多,考生在答題時首先要弄清原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu),找出句子的中心內(nèi)容,理清各層的意思,然后分析各層意思間的關(guān)系,最后按照漢語的特點譯出原文。
    請看第61句。這是一個復(fù)合句,結(jié)構(gòu)不太復(fù)雜。句子的框架是One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to…。that引導(dǎo)表語從句,在這個表語從句中包含了一個由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,作介詞of的賓語。表語從句的主語是almost all of…,謂語動詞是continues.雖然這個句子有兩個層次的從句,但是可以把原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)保留下來。全句譯為:難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
    再看第65句。這是一個主從復(fù)合句。句子的框架是Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will…and with it…。until引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。主句如果用肯定形式,那么,這個時間狀語從句翻譯時可譯成“如果…不…”。在主句中,and又連接兩個并列的分句。it指代“a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected”,即指研究行為的技術(shù)手段受排斥這件事。with it possibly the only way to solved our problems之后省略了相同的謂語will also continue to be rejected.a technology of behavior在這里譯成“研究行為的技術(shù)手段”。理順了它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系之后,按層次把該句譯為:(如果)這些問題得不到解決,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的惟一方式也可能隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
    除了分析清楚各層次之間關(guān)系之外,句子翻譯的另一要點是:不能斷章取義??佳蓄}的英譯漢是讓考生將一篇短文中的劃線部分翻譯出來,即斷章翻譯。然而,劃線部分是整篇文章中的有機部分,和上下文連為一體。因此,翻譯時尤其要注意劃線部分中的代詞所指代的內(nèi)容,同時在譯文中反映出來,做到準(zhǔn)確完整。
    請看第62句。這是一個主從復(fù)合句。句子的框架是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because…and partly because…。兩個partly because引導(dǎo)并列的原因狀語從句。主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change.原因狀語從句在句末可譯成“之所以…是因為…”的句式。句中的explanatory items原意為“用來解釋的條目”。在此句中如果這樣直譯,那就有失準(zhǔn)確。因為explanatory items指代的是61句中的states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature.所以,應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文譯為“用來解釋行為的依據(jù)”。此句譯成:行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋一直很難找到。   再看第64句。這是一個由and連接的并列句。在第二個分句中又有一個介詞in+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾practices.文中的人稱代詞they指代的是上句中的freedom and dignity.在翻譯此句時一定要根據(jù)語意環(huán)境,譯為“自由和尊嚴(yán)”。全句譯為:自由和尊嚴(yán)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的,是要求一個人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
    在翻譯英語句子時,特別是長句時往往會碰到一些比較難翻的詞和詞組。所以,在確定詞義時一定要從詞語的搭配和句子或段落等語言單位對詞義進行考慮,以保證詞義理解的準(zhǔn)確。詞義的引申和詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是兩種重要的解題技能。它可以使譯文忠實通順,符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。
    例如:第63句。這是一個由and連接的并列句,句子的層次相對來說比較簡單。但句中的難點是詞組natural selection,selective role和動詞formulate的翻譯。natural selection譯為“自然選擇”,selective role譯為“選擇作用”。動詞formulate原意為“用簡明的形式表示”,在此應(yīng)引申為“闡明”。
    英譯漢其目的是測試考生正確理解書面英語材料的能力。考試大綱規(guī)定,英譯漢試題通常是一篇約400詞的短文,要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文將文章中劃線的5個部分譯成漢語,譯文應(yīng)該通順達意。短文題材一般為政治經(jīng)濟、社會生活、文化教育或科普知識。2002年英譯漢試題譯文
    我們遇到的幾乎所有重要問題都涉及到人的行為,而且僅靠物理技術(shù)和生物技術(shù)是無法解決這些問題的。我們所需要的是一種行為技術(shù),但是可能產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)一直發(fā)展緩慢。(61)難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度模仿類似的做法并且只有當(dāng)它們拋棄這些做法后才得到發(fā)展。(62)行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境因素顯然是重要的,但是它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推動也不阻礙行為科學(xué)的發(fā)展,它具有選擇作用,因而這種作用是很難發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析的。(63)自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明,而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識和研究。然而,由于人(生物)和環(huán)境之間的相互作用已經(jīng)逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識,所以現(xiàn)在正開始從已知的環(huán)境去尋找一度認(rèn)為是心態(tài)、情感和性格特征所造成的影響其根源所在。因此就可以建立一門行為技術(shù)。但是,如果行為技術(shù)代替不了傳統(tǒng)的科學(xué)發(fā)展以前的觀點,那它將無法解決我們的難題。而這些傳統(tǒng)的觀點是根深蒂固的。自由和尊嚴(yán)是難處之所在。(64)自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的,是要求一個人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提??茖W(xué)的分析把責(zé)任和成績歸因于環(huán)境。它還提出有關(guān)“價值觀念”的種種問題。誰會使用一門技術(shù)?其目的何在?(65)在這些得到解決以前,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
    注釋:
    1.assign…to…認(rèn)為…是…造成的。例如:1)They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.(他們認(rèn)為他古怪的行為是身體不好造成的。)2)The fire was assigned to various causes.(這次火災(zāi)是種種原因造成的)
    2.shift…to(onto)…把…推到…的頭上。例如:1)I mustn't shift my responsibility to[upon]you.(我不能把責(zé)任推到你身上。)2)I don't want to shift the blame onto her.(我不想把錯推到她身上)
    3.64題中g(shù)ive sb.credit for sth.意為“因為…而肯定某人的功勞”,如:The police was given credit for keeping the public services running smoothly.(由于使公用事業(yè)順利運轉(zhuǎn),警方受到表彰)
    4.65題中with it隨之。and引導(dǎo)一個并列的省略分句,補全后為:and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.
    練習(xí)
    Now zoom forward to our present time and think of our pre_Internet communications systems as sorts of protozoa(原生動物)。What we're witnessing today in the realm of cyberspace—the online reformulation of everything from the way we play and learn to how we shop and trade stocks may represent no less a world_ transforming change than the spectacular burst of creation so long ago.
    One notable difference:The primeval organisms did not have a guide_book to inform them about what to expect and how to deal with some of the fabulous things to come.We do,in the recently released New Rules for the New Economy by Kevin Kelly,a founding editor of Wired magazine.
    “The key premise of this book is that the principles governing the world of the soft—the world of intangibles,of media,of software,and of services—will soon command the world of the hard—the world of reality,of atoms,of objects,of steel and oil,and the hard work done by the sweat of brows,”Kelly writes.Driving this economic transformation is the combination of shrinking computers and expanding communications,he says,adding:(1)“We have seen only the beginnings of the anxiety,loss,excitement,and gains that many people will experience as our world shifts to a new highly technical planetary economy.”Does that sound like techno_hype?
    It's barely a taste of the radical and often counterintuitive“rules”that Kelly dishes out.(2)He employs an aphoristic(格言的)and,well,wired style that will easily appeal to geeks and should also turn on any mainstream readers who are a little more than curious about where the digitally rendered world is headed.
    Where it's likely headed,in Kelly's words,is“upside down”。Chew,for example,on the idea that“the surest way to smartness is through massive dumbness”。What that means in essence is that tiny computer chips,though relatively“dumb”on their own,can be added to billions of mundane objects and,thereby,yield substantial economic benefits.Such as real time buying patterns on everything from shirts to soda cans.In the conventional world of supply and demand where we all grew up,value came from scarcity.As in,diamonds,gold and oil.In a world of digital imperatives,as Kelly correctly points out,“power comes from abundance.”(3)That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface,assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft's more open Windows operating system.Which leads us to another of Kelly's hardwired laws:Follow the free.In the universe of atoms,as a resource is consumed it becomes more expensive to produce.As gold is mined,nuggets(天然金塊)at first may be easy,and therefore cheap,to find.But when particles of ore must be squeezed out of tons of rock,the price of gold becomes more dear.
    But in what Kelly terms“the new order”,the law of plentitude kicks in,leading a savvy company such as Netscape to distribute its Web browser for free in order to sell auxiliary services or products.Similarly,expensive cell phones are offered as freebies(免費的東西)to gain contracts for phone services.
    Finally,Kelly tells us to look around and see how much the world has already changed under our very feet.(4)An American farmer today,for instance,may still get some dirt under his fingernails,but much of his labor is performed under the umbrella of the electronic network.The cab in his tractor has a wireless phone and a satellite_linked GPS location device;his home computer is connected to a never_ending stream of weather data,grain market reports and moisture detectors in the soil.(5)New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn something from those plucky life forms that exploded on the scene a half billion years ago.“The qualities needed to succeed in the network economy can be reduced to this:a facility for charging into the unknown.”
    答案
    文章大意: 正在日益縮小的電腦與不斷壯大的通訊業(yè)的結(jié)合在推動著經(jīng)濟變革?!队芯€》雜志的創(chuàng)刊編輯凱文·凱利在他發(fā)表的《新經(jīng)濟之新規(guī)則》一書中指出:網(wǎng)絡(luò)正影響著全人類的各個領(lǐng)域,而網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟使整個社會翻天覆地。而我們想在網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟中取得成功所需的素質(zhì)就是一種沖入未知領(lǐng)域的技能。(1)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是We have seen only…and gains that many people will experience as our would shifts to…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞the anxiety,loss,excitement,and gains.as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。shift to在此句中譯為“轉(zhuǎn)變”。gains在此句中應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“成就”。
    參考譯文:我們看到的僅僅是我們的世界向一個新的高科技全球經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變時許多人將體驗到的焦慮、失落、激動與成就的開端。
    (2)結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是He employs an aphoristic…style that will easily appeal to…and should also turn on…readers who…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾style.在此從句中包含了由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾先行詞any main_stream readers.where the digitally rendered world is headed作介詞about的賓語。main_stream readers在此譯為“主流讀者”。
    參考譯文: 他采取的是一種格言式的而且還是有線的風(fēng)格,很容易吸引那些怪人,而且吸引那些主流讀者的興趣,他們對這個數(shù)字化世界的發(fā)展前途多少都有點好奇。
    (3)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是That was a principle that Apple…when it backed off from…,assuring that its market share would…。本句的主句是That was a principle…。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞principle.when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語assuring that…充當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的原因狀語。名詞從句that its market share would be savaged by…作assuring的賓語。principle指代上文的“power comes from abundance”這一原則。back off原意為“屈服,讓步”,在此句中譯為“放棄”。
    參考譯文:“蘋果”電腦公司悲劇性地未能理解這一原則,它放棄了它的圖形電腦界面的
    銷售許可,因為擔(dān)心自己的市場份額會被微軟更開放的視窗操作系統(tǒng)無情地侵占。
    (4)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是An American farmer…may still get some dirt…,but much of his labor is performed under…。這是一個由but連接的并列句。dirt在此句中譯為“污泥,泥巴”。under the umbrella of應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“在…覆蓋下”。
    參考譯文: 比如今日的美國農(nóng)民,也許指甲蓋里仍藏著些許污泥,但他的許多勞作都是在電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋下進行的。
    (5)結(jié)構(gòu)分析: 句子的框架是New Rules for the New Economy suggests that we might even learn…life forms that exploded on the scene…。that we might…是賓語從句,作suggest的賓語。在這個從句中包含了由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾先行詞plucky life forms.explode原意為“爆發(fā),爆炸”,在此句中譯為“急速增長”。life forms指文中的原生動物。