舉例說(shuō)明兩類定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法

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定語(yǔ)從句可以分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種,兩類定語(yǔ)從句在翻譯方法上基本類似,因此我們把它們放在一起介紹。在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),我們經(jīng)常采用下列的翻譯方法:
    一、前 置 法
    把英語(yǔ)原文的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語(yǔ)詞組, 放置于被修飾的詞之前,將英語(yǔ)原文的復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句,這種方法一般用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句比較短的情況。一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可采用前置法,但沒(méi)有限制性定語(yǔ)從句使用得普遍。例如:
    例1.For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. 例如,友誼的一個(gè)作用似乎是支持我們?cè)谧约盒哪恐械男蜗螅⑹刮覀兂钟械膬r(jià)值觀念更加堅(jiān)定。
    例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考題) 如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話,那么對(duì)所有被比較者來(lái)說(shuō),前兩個(gè)因素 必須是一樣的。
    例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness for anxiety. 第一種方法是同義詞法, 即給出一個(gè)與要釋義的詞在意義上幾乎相同的,如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.
    例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考題) 相反,行為主義者認(rèn)為,成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人常常被剝奪了白人在教育及其他外界環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件而造成的。
    例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. (94年考題) 科學(xué)研究的方法不過(guò)是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式,也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思考并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)解釋的表達(dá)方式。
    例6. A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school. 附近沒(méi)有同齡伙伴和自己玩的兒童,上托兒所可以得到很多的益處。
    二、后 置 法
    當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí),如果翻譯成前置的定語(yǔ),就會(huì)不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,在這種情況下,往往把該定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成并列的分句,放置于原來(lái)它所修詞的后面。另外在處理此類定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),一般遵循的原則是:若保留先行詞,則在第二個(gè)分句中加以重復(fù),若省略,則兩個(gè)并列分句中均不再保留。當(dāng)然,在實(shí)№的翻譯過(guò)程中也有例外。
    例1. All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster. 在一秒鐘內(nèi)流過(guò)粗管子的全部水量,一定會(huì)以某種方式通過(guò)細(xì)管子,這只有靠加快流速才能做到。
    例2.Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand. 也許,光是某種電波,其性質(zhì)我們尚不清楚。
    例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力,這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛(ài)的,在過(guò)去,許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。
    例4.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. (91年考題) 這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的,因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕種方法繼續(xù)下去了,而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。
    例5."In short", a leader of the new school attends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."(94年考題)新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō):“簡(jiǎn)而言之,我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命,主要指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用,這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及。
    例6.The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. (91年考題) 食品的供應(yīng)將趕不上人口的增長(zhǎng),這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷方面正陷入危機(jī)。