Passage 4
書(shū)是我們的好朋友，時(shí)刻陪伴著我們；書(shū)也是我們的好老師，能教給我們很多知識(shí)。它忠誠(chéng)，耐心，充滿智慧，是我們生活中必不可少的一部分。
Companionship of Books
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps: for there is a companionship of books as well as of men①; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men．
A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of trouble or distress．It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting us in age．
Books possess an extract having the fundamental properties of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds ages ago. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products: for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good．
Books introduce us into the best society: they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did: we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, hurt with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were, in a measure, actors with them in the scenes which they describe．
The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The great intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago．
［334 words］
本文是蘇格蘭作家塞謬爾·斯邁爾斯（Samuel Smiles）的作品。短文以小品文（essay）的形式寫(xiě)成。小品文形式是法國(guó)作家蒙田（Montaigne）創(chuàng)立的，注重抒發(fā)作者的思想感受。文章語(yǔ)言凝練，其中不乏經(jīng)典名句，各段首句均為每段的主題句，簡(jiǎn)短精悍，易于背誦。
文章層層深入，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。文中首段首句直接點(diǎn)題。從第二段起直至文章的結(jié)尾緊扣主題逐步論述。第二段把一本好書(shū)比作the best of friends，緊接著在第三段指出記錄偉人思想的書(shū)籍能流芳百世。第四段又把書(shū)籍喻為引導(dǎo)者，它將我們與偉人聯(lián)系在一起。接著這個(gè)話題，后一段進(jìn)一步解釋：書(shū)是一種充滿生氣的聲音，能將偉人的精神傳播四方。
閱讀時(shí)還須體會(huì)作者用多變的句式和長(zhǎng)短句交替 （alternation of long sentences and short sentences）的方式表達(dá)思想的手法。
書(shū)友
要了解一個(gè)人，只要知道他讀什么書(shū)即可，正好比“見(jiàn)其友，知其人”。因?yàn)闀?shū)像人一樣可以成為好伙伴。任何人都會(huì)選擇好的伙伴，不管這個(gè)伙伴是書(shū)或是人。
一本好書(shū)或許是好的朋友之一。它每天始終如一，永不變心，且它是有耐心、令人愉悅的朋友。在我們遇到困難或情緒低落時(shí)，它不會(huì)背棄我們。它總是以一貫的溫和態(tài)度對(duì)待我們。在我們年輕時(shí)它教導(dǎo)我們，給我們帶來(lái)歡樂(lè)；在我們已近日暮殘年時(shí)，它安慰我們，使我們倍受關(guān)懷。
書(shū)籍之精髓永垂不朽。迄今為止，書(shū)是人類努力寫(xiě)成的持久耐用的作品。寺廟和雕像會(huì)被腐蝕破壞，但書(shū)卻永遠(yuǎn)存在。偉大的思想不會(huì)隨時(shí)間的流逝而褪色，許多年前作者頭腦中掠過(guò)的思想在今天依然鮮活。時(shí)間的惟一作用是淘汰劣質(zhì)書(shū)籍，因?yàn)橹挥姓嬲玫奈膶W(xué)著作才能流芳百世。
書(shū)籍引導(dǎo)我們進(jìn)入高的境界，它將我們帶到歷的那些偉大人物的面前。我們聽(tīng)其言，見(jiàn)其行，仿佛他們?nèi)曰钣谑郎?。我們?duì)他們的遭遇表示同情，我們與他們悲喜與共，他們的經(jīng)歷成了我們的財(cái)富。我們感覺(jué)好像在某種程度上自己成了他們所描繪的舞臺(tái)中的某個(gè)角色。
即使在當(dāng)今世界，偉人也永不磨滅。他們的事跡記入史冊(cè)，他們的精神傳于四方。書(shū)是一種充滿生氣的聲音，是人們?nèi)阅苈?tīng)得見(jiàn)的智慧。因此，我們?nèi)匀皇苤鴼v代偉人的影響，他們?cè)诮裉烊韵褚郧耙粯踊钴S在世界大舞臺(tái)上。
distress n.苦痛
fundamental a.基本的，根本的，基礎(chǔ)的
immortality ｎ．不朽
ｄｅｃａｙ ｖ．腐朽
sift sth out 篩分（某物）
sympathize vi.①同情，憐憫②體諒，贊同
ｅｍｂａｌｍ ｖ．使不朽
intellect n.①智力，理解力②才智非凡的人
①【注釋】as well as 也，還，而且
【臨摹】She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她不但是攝影家還是個(gè)天才的音樂(lè)家。佳句臨摹
Books and friends should be few but good. 書(shū)籍和朋友都要少而精。
Books are like little boats, by them we can swim in the wide ocean of knowledge. 書(shū)籍就像一艘艘小船，載著我們暢游于廣闊的知識(shí)海洋當(dāng)中。
Passage 5
越來(lái)越多的教師開(kāi)始在教學(xué)中運(yùn)用課堂參與的方法來(lái)提高學(xué)生的積極性和主動(dòng)性。課堂參與也給學(xué)生提供了表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，鍛煉了他們的思辨能力?？傊鼛?lái)了很多好處。
Participation in the Classroom
Taking part in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student s taking part in orally①. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role （i.e. listening and taking notes）, many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managing”role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars．
A professors teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. Students who make opinions that are different from the professors point of view should be prepared to support their positions②．
In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “practical”rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and participation．
［253 words］
文章第一段首先用not only...but also...句型點(diǎn)明作者的觀點(diǎn)：課堂參與對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)不僅是可以接受的，而且是他們所期望的。第二段介紹學(xué)生參與形式和程度的其他影響因素——教授的教學(xué)風(fēng)格，接著作者用Some professors prefer to...while others prefer to...舉例說(shuō)明了兩種不同的教學(xué)風(fēng)格。后一段介紹課堂參與在不同學(xué)科中的實(shí)施情況。
本文的一大特色是觀點(diǎn)和例證之間結(jié)合得很好。每一段的觀點(diǎn)都有一個(gè)具體的例子來(lái)有力地支持它。
課堂參與
在許多課程中，教師們不僅接受了課堂參與的理念，他們也期望著學(xué)生們能參與進(jìn)來(lái)。一些教授把學(xué)生課堂上做的口頭發(fā)言作為期末成績(jī)的一部分。盡管在一些正式的講座中，學(xué)生扮演一個(gè)被動(dòng)的角色（他們聽(tīng)講、做筆記），但在許多課程中還是采用課堂討論、學(xué)生提問(wèn)和非正式演講的形式。在研究生的討論課上，教授扮演著“管理”角色，而由學(xué)生們發(fā)言并展開(kāi)討論。在這樣的討論課上，實(shí)際上是學(xué)生們也參與了教學(xué)。
一個(gè)教授的教學(xué)風(fēng)格是決定學(xué)生參與形式和程度的另一個(gè)因素。一些教授喜歡主持支配討論，一些教授則喜歡引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自由討論。許多教授鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)提出質(zhì)疑。那些提出與教授相反意見(jiàn)的學(xué)生應(yīng)該做好充分的準(zhǔn)備來(lái)支持自己的論點(diǎn)。
在理科和數(shù)學(xué)的教學(xué)中，傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式仍占主要地位，老師講課，學(xué)生記筆記。然而在過(guò)去20年中，在人文科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的教學(xué)中出現(xiàn)了新的教學(xué)趨勢(shì)。例如，學(xué)教育學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的學(xué)生常被要求通過(guò)小組討論來(lái)解決問(wèn)題、設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目、作演講、研究案例。由于一些大學(xué)的課程是應(yīng)用型的，而非理論型的，他們所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“動(dòng)手”和參與。
seminar n.（大學(xué)的）研究班，研討會(huì)
dominate vt.支配，統(tǒng)治，控制
sociology n.社會(huì)學(xué)
participation n.參加
①【注釋】take part （in sth.）參與，參加（某事物）
【臨摹】How many countries will be taking part in the World Cup?有多少國(guó)家要參加世界杯比賽？
②【注釋】make opinions 提出觀點(diǎn)
【臨摹】Most Americans think polls make their opinion worth something. 大多數(shù)美國(guó)人認(rèn)為民意測(cè)驗(yàn)使得他們的意見(jiàn)顯得有價(jià)值了。佳句臨摹
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知識(shí)是一座寶庫(kù)，而實(shí)踐是開(kāi)啟這座寶庫(kù)的鑰匙。
Teach others by your example. 躬親示范。
A good example is the best sermon. 身教勝似言教。
書(shū)是我們的好朋友，時(shí)刻陪伴著我們；書(shū)也是我們的好老師，能教給我們很多知識(shí)。它忠誠(chéng)，耐心，充滿智慧，是我們生活中必不可少的一部分。
Companionship of Books
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps: for there is a companionship of books as well as of men①; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men．
A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of trouble or distress．It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting us in age．
Books possess an extract having the fundamental properties of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds ages ago. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products: for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good．
Books introduce us into the best society: they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did: we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, hurt with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were, in a measure, actors with them in the scenes which they describe．
The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The great intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago．
［334 words］
本文是蘇格蘭作家塞謬爾·斯邁爾斯（Samuel Smiles）的作品。短文以小品文（essay）的形式寫(xiě)成。小品文形式是法國(guó)作家蒙田（Montaigne）創(chuàng)立的，注重抒發(fā)作者的思想感受。文章語(yǔ)言凝練，其中不乏經(jīng)典名句，各段首句均為每段的主題句，簡(jiǎn)短精悍，易于背誦。
文章層層深入，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。文中首段首句直接點(diǎn)題。從第二段起直至文章的結(jié)尾緊扣主題逐步論述。第二段把一本好書(shū)比作the best of friends，緊接著在第三段指出記錄偉人思想的書(shū)籍能流芳百世。第四段又把書(shū)籍喻為引導(dǎo)者，它將我們與偉人聯(lián)系在一起。接著這個(gè)話題，后一段進(jìn)一步解釋：書(shū)是一種充滿生氣的聲音，能將偉人的精神傳播四方。
閱讀時(shí)還須體會(huì)作者用多變的句式和長(zhǎng)短句交替 （alternation of long sentences and short sentences）的方式表達(dá)思想的手法。
書(shū)友
要了解一個(gè)人，只要知道他讀什么書(shū)即可，正好比“見(jiàn)其友，知其人”。因?yàn)闀?shū)像人一樣可以成為好伙伴。任何人都會(huì)選擇好的伙伴，不管這個(gè)伙伴是書(shū)或是人。
一本好書(shū)或許是好的朋友之一。它每天始終如一，永不變心，且它是有耐心、令人愉悅的朋友。在我們遇到困難或情緒低落時(shí)，它不會(huì)背棄我們。它總是以一貫的溫和態(tài)度對(duì)待我們。在我們年輕時(shí)它教導(dǎo)我們，給我們帶來(lái)歡樂(lè)；在我們已近日暮殘年時(shí)，它安慰我們，使我們倍受關(guān)懷。
書(shū)籍之精髓永垂不朽。迄今為止，書(shū)是人類努力寫(xiě)成的持久耐用的作品。寺廟和雕像會(huì)被腐蝕破壞，但書(shū)卻永遠(yuǎn)存在。偉大的思想不會(huì)隨時(shí)間的流逝而褪色，許多年前作者頭腦中掠過(guò)的思想在今天依然鮮活。時(shí)間的惟一作用是淘汰劣質(zhì)書(shū)籍，因?yàn)橹挥姓嬲玫奈膶W(xué)著作才能流芳百世。
書(shū)籍引導(dǎo)我們進(jìn)入高的境界，它將我們帶到歷的那些偉大人物的面前。我們聽(tīng)其言，見(jiàn)其行，仿佛他們?nèi)曰钣谑郎?。我們?duì)他們的遭遇表示同情，我們與他們悲喜與共，他們的經(jīng)歷成了我們的財(cái)富。我們感覺(jué)好像在某種程度上自己成了他們所描繪的舞臺(tái)中的某個(gè)角色。
即使在當(dāng)今世界，偉人也永不磨滅。他們的事跡記入史冊(cè)，他們的精神傳于四方。書(shū)是一種充滿生氣的聲音，是人們?nèi)阅苈?tīng)得見(jiàn)的智慧。因此，我們?nèi)匀皇苤鴼v代偉人的影響，他們?cè)诮裉烊韵褚郧耙粯踊钴S在世界大舞臺(tái)上。
distress n.苦痛
fundamental a.基本的，根本的，基礎(chǔ)的
immortality ｎ．不朽
ｄｅｃａｙ ｖ．腐朽
sift sth out 篩分（某物）
sympathize vi.①同情，憐憫②體諒，贊同
ｅｍｂａｌｍ ｖ．使不朽
intellect n.①智力，理解力②才智非凡的人
①【注釋】as well as 也，還，而且
【臨摹】She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她不但是攝影家還是個(gè)天才的音樂(lè)家。佳句臨摹
Books and friends should be few but good. 書(shū)籍和朋友都要少而精。
Books are like little boats, by them we can swim in the wide ocean of knowledge. 書(shū)籍就像一艘艘小船，載著我們暢游于廣闊的知識(shí)海洋當(dāng)中。
Passage 5
越來(lái)越多的教師開(kāi)始在教學(xué)中運(yùn)用課堂參與的方法來(lái)提高學(xué)生的積極性和主動(dòng)性。課堂參與也給學(xué)生提供了表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，鍛煉了他們的思辨能力?？傊鼛?lái)了很多好處。
Participation in the Classroom
Taking part in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student s taking part in orally①. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role （i.e. listening and taking notes）, many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managing”role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars．
A professors teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. Students who make opinions that are different from the professors point of view should be prepared to support their positions②．
In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “practical”rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and participation．
［253 words］
文章第一段首先用not only...but also...句型點(diǎn)明作者的觀點(diǎn)：課堂參與對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)不僅是可以接受的，而且是他們所期望的。第二段介紹學(xué)生參與形式和程度的其他影響因素——教授的教學(xué)風(fēng)格，接著作者用Some professors prefer to...while others prefer to...舉例說(shuō)明了兩種不同的教學(xué)風(fēng)格。后一段介紹課堂參與在不同學(xué)科中的實(shí)施情況。
本文的一大特色是觀點(diǎn)和例證之間結(jié)合得很好。每一段的觀點(diǎn)都有一個(gè)具體的例子來(lái)有力地支持它。
課堂參與
在許多課程中，教師們不僅接受了課堂參與的理念，他們也期望著學(xué)生們能參與進(jìn)來(lái)。一些教授把學(xué)生課堂上做的口頭發(fā)言作為期末成績(jī)的一部分。盡管在一些正式的講座中，學(xué)生扮演一個(gè)被動(dòng)的角色（他們聽(tīng)講、做筆記），但在許多課程中還是采用課堂討論、學(xué)生提問(wèn)和非正式演講的形式。在研究生的討論課上，教授扮演著“管理”角色，而由學(xué)生們發(fā)言并展開(kāi)討論。在這樣的討論課上，實(shí)際上是學(xué)生們也參與了教學(xué)。
一個(gè)教授的教學(xué)風(fēng)格是決定學(xué)生參與形式和程度的另一個(gè)因素。一些教授喜歡主持支配討論，一些教授則喜歡引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自由討論。許多教授鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)提出質(zhì)疑。那些提出與教授相反意見(jiàn)的學(xué)生應(yīng)該做好充分的準(zhǔn)備來(lái)支持自己的論點(diǎn)。
在理科和數(shù)學(xué)的教學(xué)中，傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式仍占主要地位，老師講課，學(xué)生記筆記。然而在過(guò)去20年中，在人文科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的教學(xué)中出現(xiàn)了新的教學(xué)趨勢(shì)。例如，學(xué)教育學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)和心理學(xué)的學(xué)生常被要求通過(guò)小組討論來(lái)解決問(wèn)題、設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目、作演講、研究案例。由于一些大學(xué)的課程是應(yīng)用型的，而非理論型的，他們所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“動(dòng)手”和參與。
seminar n.（大學(xué)的）研究班，研討會(huì)
dominate vt.支配，統(tǒng)治，控制
sociology n.社會(huì)學(xué)
participation n.參加
①【注釋】take part （in sth.）參與，參加（某事物）
【臨摹】How many countries will be taking part in the World Cup?有多少國(guó)家要參加世界杯比賽？
②【注釋】make opinions 提出觀點(diǎn)
【臨摹】Most Americans think polls make their opinion worth something. 大多數(shù)美國(guó)人認(rèn)為民意測(cè)驗(yàn)使得他們的意見(jiàn)顯得有價(jià)值了。佳句臨摹
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知識(shí)是一座寶庫(kù)，而實(shí)踐是開(kāi)啟這座寶庫(kù)的鑰匙。
Teach others by your example. 躬親示范。
A good example is the best sermon. 身教勝似言教。