Section II Use of English
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting
22. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because
23. [A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation
24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response
25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
26. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect
30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
21. 答案：[C] centering
分析：本題是典型的“復(fù)現(xiàn)”題，即作者在文章不同的地方使用相同或者不同的詞匯表達(dá)相同或類似的意思。本文的第一句話中(Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence)，已經(jīng)使用了詞組：。 focus on(關(guān)注于，側(cè)重于，著重于)解釋理論側(cè)重于的內(nèi)容；而且本段落的最后一句話在解釋另一種理論所側(cè)重于的內(nèi)容時，又一次使用了focus on (Theories focusing on the role of society……), 所以，作者為本題已經(jīng)給出了明確的已知提示線索—“focus on”，從4個選項中選出centering on表達(dá)與focus on同樣意思即可。
22. 答案：[D] because
分析：本題是考查上下句邏輯關(guān)系銜接的連詞題，從前后兩句來看一定是因果關(guān)系，后面的句子(they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or……)是對前一句青少年為什么犯罪的解釋，只能選擇[D] because。如果選擇了其他三個選項，上下句的邏輯關(guān)系就不通了。
23. 答案：[A] interactions
分析：本題明顯考查詞義的辨析，考查考生對這4個名詞意義和用法的深入理解。在4個選項中有干擾性的是 [B] assimilation(吸收，使同化)，這個詞不要理解為“模仿”，其準(zhǔn)確意義用英文解釋為：(to become part of a group or society etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group or society), 即改變成為什么的一部分，即“同化。而從本題所在句子提供的信息是表示：青少年之所以犯罪的途徑是什么，介詞through 表達(dá)是就是通過什么途徑，本填空的所要選的名詞即表達(dá)這個途徑。青少年做“l(fā)earned criminal behavior”這個動作顯然不可能是通過“成為其他人的一部分”這個途徑。而[A] interactions 這個詞的意思是(activities of talking and doing things with other people)在這里表達(dá)了“與別人互動的意思，這樣與前邊青少年“l(fā)earned criminal behavior” 這個動作就形成合理搭配了。選項 [C] cooperation(合作)以及 [D] consultation(咨詢，商量)與本題題意不相符合。
24. 答案：[D] response
分析：本題首先可以看出與前邊的22題的選項“because”形成復(fù)現(xiàn)呼應(yīng)，即本題也是選擇一個表示“青少年犯罪的原因是什么”。因此，排除 in return to (回報) 以及 in reference to (關(guān)于，有關(guān)，注意crimes in reference to 表示 “有關(guān)……的犯罪”)；in reply to 表示“對……的回答或回復(fù)”，reply 在這里表示的意思很窄，僅限定為“回答或回復(fù)”，因此只有in response to表達(dá)出了“對……。的回應(yīng)、反應(yīng)，在這里可以引申“由于或者出于”的意思，表示一種因果的關(guān)系。
25. 答案：[A] or
分析：本題很簡單，從邏輯關(guān)系判斷，本題所連接的兩個成分是并列地表達(dá)“青少年犯罪的原因”。而且，作者在前邊解釋第一個理論時所用的句型中(……they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds; or that they have learned criminal behavior through……)已經(jīng)使用過了“or”，上下兩個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)實際是對等的，找到對應(yīng)關(guān)系也很容易選出[A] or。
26. 答案：[B] ignoring
分析：對于本題考生只要能正確理解上下句的提示線索，就很簡單。前邊的線索是：大多數(shù)的理論把青少年犯罪歸咎于他們來自貧困家庭(disadvantaged families)，后面的線索：來自富有家庭(wealthy homes)的孩子也會犯罪；這就說明前面的這個理論是沒有考慮后面的這個事實(fact)的。能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)這個意思的詞只能是[B] ignoring；[D] discarding(丟棄)在這里與賓語fact的搭配意思不合適；而[A] considering(考慮)以及[C] highlighting(使顯著)與題意不符合。
27. 答案：[C] for
分析：本題所在的這句話(The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control)中的“The latter”指代的是上句中的“children from wealthy homes”，所以本題仍然是選擇一個“青少年犯罪原因”表因果關(guān)系的詞，顯然是[C] for。
28. 答案：[D] subject
分析：本題所在的句子(All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism)實際上是進(jìn)行一個小的總結(jié)，即對前邊提到的理論下一個定義。因此本題的提示線索很明顯：前邊文章中已經(jīng)明確指出了各種理論存在缺陷，因此這些theories與criticism(批評)之間的關(guān)系一定是be subject to “易受到批評的”。選項[A] immune(免疫于，即不會受到批評)和[B] resistant(抗拒)都不符合提示線索。[C] sensitive(對……敏感)這個意思與本題無關(guān)。
29. 答案：[A] affect
分析：本題所在的句子是本段的首句，而且從上下文的關(guān)系可以判斷出它是本段的總述句，本題可以應(yīng)用“總分結(jié)構(gòu)對照法”，也就是說本題所要選的這個動詞是對下面分述的總結(jié)。本段的分述部分明確地指出“經(jīng)濟(jì)變化引起的失業(yè)率增加從而導(dǎo)致犯罪率的上升”，即都是圍繞著“社會變化如何引起犯罪率的變化”。把握了以上提示線索，本題的答案一定是[A] affect(影響)。其他選項[B] reduce(減少)以及[C] chock(穩(wěn)定)在文章中都沒有已知提示線索的支持；[D] reflect(反映)表達(dá)不出對本句與和下面分述部分的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，也造成本句的意思不清。
30. 答案：[B] lead
分析：本題考查固定短語的意義和用法辨析。首先根據(jù)本題所在句子提供的信息很容易看出前邊的“changes in the economy” 導(dǎo)致或者造成了后邊“fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment”局面的出現(xiàn)，表達(dá)這個意思的短語是“l(fā)ead to”；其他選項均不能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)此意思。
31. 答案：[A] in general
分析：本題從題意上只有選擇[A] in general(總體上)才合適。[B] on average(平均地)、[C] by contrast(相反地)、[D] at length(詳細(xì)地)均不符合題意。
32. 答案：[C] turn
分析：本題從4個短語所表達(dá)的意思來看: “in case”表示“萬一”、“in short ” 表示“簡而言之”、“in essence ”表示“本質(zhì)上、實質(zhì)上”、“in turn ” 表示“依次”；而從本句與前邊句子的銜接關(guān)系來看，顯然只有in turn與本句話的意思可以搭配，即經(jīng)濟(jì)波動導(dǎo)致失業(yè)增加，造成工作難找，由此引起的不滿情緒就依次造成犯罪率上升；
33. 答案：[D] experienced
分析：本題考查謂語動詞，主要從主語(主謂搭配)和賓語(動賓搭配)兩個線索來判斷。只有[D] experienced changes既符合動賓搭配，也符合題意，即家庭在這些年也經(jīng)歷了變化；選項[A] survived(幸存，幸免于)以及[B] noticed (注意到)所表達(dá)的意義與本題無關(guān)；而[C] undertaken(承擔(dān))不與changes構(gòu)成動賓搭配；
34. 答案：[B] consequently
分析：從本題所涉及的上下句的邏輯關(guān)系判斷一定是因果關(guān)系，因此[B] consequently(結(jié)果地)是選項；其他選項[A] contrarily(相反地)、[C] similarly(相似地)以及[D] simultaneously(同時地)不能表達(dá)因果關(guān)系。
35. 答案：[A] than
分析：從本題所涉及的上下句所提示的信息來看：(children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family)，如果選擇[B] that或者[C] which就表示 less supervision在傳統(tǒng)的家庭中是common，這顯然是不正確的；而選項[D] as不符合語法；其實從less以及后邊的common，traditional family等幾個提示線索的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系就可以判斷出是前后“比較”的關(guān)系，所以選項是[A] than。
36. 答案：[B] structure
分析：從本段落的第二句話(More families consist of one parent households or two working parents)可以看出這里是有關(guān)“家庭結(jié)構(gòu)”的問題，因此本題應(yīng)該選擇[B] structure；而family system指家庭制度。
37. 答案：[B] identifiable
分析：本題考查形容詞，主要看與后邊名詞causes of offensive acts的修飾搭配。而且從上下文的意義來看，本文是在列舉造成青少年犯罪的因素。據(jù)此，應(yīng)該只有[B] identifiable(可被識別出的)符合題意；其他選項[A] assessable(可被評估的)、[C]negligible(可被忽視的)以及[D] incredible(令人難以置信的)均不符合題意。
38. 答案：[D] availability
分析：本題所考查的名詞increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol是造成青少年犯罪的一個因素，所以[B] restriction(限制)可以馬上排除；而[A] expense(花費(fèi))以及[C] allocation(分配)表達(dá)不出“毒品和酒是越來越容易得到”這個概念，所以 [D] availability(可得到性)最合適。
39. 答案：[A] incidence
分析：本題也是考查一個名詞，列舉造成青少年犯罪的因素。[A] incidence (發(fā)生率)顯然最為合適。其他選項[B] awareness(意識)、[C] exposure(曝光) 以及[D] popularity(流行、受喜歡)在意義上都不合理。
40. 答案：[C] although
分析：本題考查連接詞，主要依據(jù)是判斷上下句的邏輯關(guān)系。此處的邏輯關(guān)系明顯為讓步，表達(dá)“盡管”的意思。
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories __21__ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior __22__ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through __23__ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in __24__ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, __25__ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, __26__ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes __27__ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are __28__ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly __29__ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that __30__ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment __31__ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in __32__ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also __33__ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; __34__, children are likely to have less supervision at home __35__ was common in the traditional family __36__. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __37__ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __38__ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing __39__ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, __40__ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting
22. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because
23. [A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation
24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response
25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else
26. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding
27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with
28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject
29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect
30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount
31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length
32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence
33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously
35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as
36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage
37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible
38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability
39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity
40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing
21. 答案：[C] centering
分析：本題是典型的“復(fù)現(xiàn)”題，即作者在文章不同的地方使用相同或者不同的詞匯表達(dá)相同或類似的意思。本文的第一句話中(Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence)，已經(jīng)使用了詞組：。 focus on(關(guān)注于，側(cè)重于，著重于)解釋理論側(cè)重于的內(nèi)容；而且本段落的最后一句話在解釋另一種理論所側(cè)重于的內(nèi)容時，又一次使用了focus on (Theories focusing on the role of society……), 所以，作者為本題已經(jīng)給出了明確的已知提示線索—“focus on”，從4個選項中選出centering on表達(dá)與focus on同樣意思即可。
22. 答案：[D] because
分析：本題是考查上下句邏輯關(guān)系銜接的連詞題，從前后兩句來看一定是因果關(guān)系，后面的句子(they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or……)是對前一句青少年為什么犯罪的解釋，只能選擇[D] because。如果選擇了其他三個選項，上下句的邏輯關(guān)系就不通了。
23. 答案：[A] interactions
分析：本題明顯考查詞義的辨析，考查考生對這4個名詞意義和用法的深入理解。在4個選項中有干擾性的是 [B] assimilation(吸收，使同化)，這個詞不要理解為“模仿”，其準(zhǔn)確意義用英文解釋為：(to become part of a group or society etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group or society), 即改變成為什么的一部分，即“同化。而從本題所在句子提供的信息是表示：青少年之所以犯罪的途徑是什么，介詞through 表達(dá)是就是通過什么途徑，本填空的所要選的名詞即表達(dá)這個途徑。青少年做“l(fā)earned criminal behavior”這個動作顯然不可能是通過“成為其他人的一部分”這個途徑。而[A] interactions 這個詞的意思是(activities of talking and doing things with other people)在這里表達(dá)了“與別人互動的意思，這樣與前邊青少年“l(fā)earned criminal behavior” 這個動作就形成合理搭配了。選項 [C] cooperation(合作)以及 [D] consultation(咨詢，商量)與本題題意不相符合。
24. 答案：[D] response
分析：本題首先可以看出與前邊的22題的選項“because”形成復(fù)現(xiàn)呼應(yīng)，即本題也是選擇一個表示“青少年犯罪的原因是什么”。因此，排除 in return to (回報) 以及 in reference to (關(guān)于，有關(guān)，注意crimes in reference to 表示 “有關(guān)……的犯罪”)；in reply to 表示“對……的回答或回復(fù)”，reply 在這里表示的意思很窄，僅限定為“回答或回復(fù)”，因此只有in response to表達(dá)出了“對……。的回應(yīng)、反應(yīng)，在這里可以引申“由于或者出于”的意思，表示一種因果的關(guān)系。
25. 答案：[A] or
分析：本題很簡單，從邏輯關(guān)系判斷，本題所連接的兩個成分是并列地表達(dá)“青少年犯罪的原因”。而且，作者在前邊解釋第一個理論時所用的句型中(……they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds; or that they have learned criminal behavior through……)已經(jīng)使用過了“or”，上下兩個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)實際是對等的，找到對應(yīng)關(guān)系也很容易選出[A] or。
26. 答案：[B] ignoring
分析：對于本題考生只要能正確理解上下句的提示線索，就很簡單。前邊的線索是：大多數(shù)的理論把青少年犯罪歸咎于他們來自貧困家庭(disadvantaged families)，后面的線索：來自富有家庭(wealthy homes)的孩子也會犯罪；這就說明前面的這個理論是沒有考慮后面的這個事實(fact)的。能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)這個意思的詞只能是[B] ignoring；[D] discarding(丟棄)在這里與賓語fact的搭配意思不合適；而[A] considering(考慮)以及[C] highlighting(使顯著)與題意不符合。
27. 答案：[C] for
分析：本題所在的這句話(The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control)中的“The latter”指代的是上句中的“children from wealthy homes”，所以本題仍然是選擇一個“青少年犯罪原因”表因果關(guān)系的詞，顯然是[C] for。
28. 答案：[D] subject
分析：本題所在的句子(All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism)實際上是進(jìn)行一個小的總結(jié)，即對前邊提到的理論下一個定義。因此本題的提示線索很明顯：前邊文章中已經(jīng)明確指出了各種理論存在缺陷，因此這些theories與criticism(批評)之間的關(guān)系一定是be subject to “易受到批評的”。選項[A] immune(免疫于，即不會受到批評)和[B] resistant(抗拒)都不符合提示線索。[C] sensitive(對……敏感)這個意思與本題無關(guān)。
29. 答案：[A] affect
分析：本題所在的句子是本段的首句，而且從上下文的關(guān)系可以判斷出它是本段的總述句，本題可以應(yīng)用“總分結(jié)構(gòu)對照法”，也就是說本題所要選的這個動詞是對下面分述的總結(jié)。本段的分述部分明確地指出“經(jīng)濟(jì)變化引起的失業(yè)率增加從而導(dǎo)致犯罪率的上升”，即都是圍繞著“社會變化如何引起犯罪率的變化”。把握了以上提示線索，本題的答案一定是[A] affect(影響)。其他選項[B] reduce(減少)以及[C] chock(穩(wěn)定)在文章中都沒有已知提示線索的支持；[D] reflect(反映)表達(dá)不出對本句與和下面分述部分的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系，也造成本句的意思不清。
30. 答案：[B] lead
分析：本題考查固定短語的意義和用法辨析。首先根據(jù)本題所在句子提供的信息很容易看出前邊的“changes in the economy” 導(dǎo)致或者造成了后邊“fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment”局面的出現(xiàn)，表達(dá)這個意思的短語是“l(fā)ead to”；其他選項均不能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)此意思。
31. 答案：[A] in general
分析：本題從題意上只有選擇[A] in general(總體上)才合適。[B] on average(平均地)、[C] by contrast(相反地)、[D] at length(詳細(xì)地)均不符合題意。
32. 答案：[C] turn
分析：本題從4個短語所表達(dá)的意思來看: “in case”表示“萬一”、“in short ” 表示“簡而言之”、“in essence ”表示“本質(zhì)上、實質(zhì)上”、“in turn ” 表示“依次”；而從本句與前邊句子的銜接關(guān)系來看，顯然只有in turn與本句話的意思可以搭配，即經(jīng)濟(jì)波動導(dǎo)致失業(yè)增加，造成工作難找，由此引起的不滿情緒就依次造成犯罪率上升；
33. 答案：[D] experienced
分析：本題考查謂語動詞，主要從主語(主謂搭配)和賓語(動賓搭配)兩個線索來判斷。只有[D] experienced changes既符合動賓搭配，也符合題意，即家庭在這些年也經(jīng)歷了變化；選項[A] survived(幸存，幸免于)以及[B] noticed (注意到)所表達(dá)的意義與本題無關(guān)；而[C] undertaken(承擔(dān))不與changes構(gòu)成動賓搭配；
34. 答案：[B] consequently
分析：從本題所涉及的上下句的邏輯關(guān)系判斷一定是因果關(guān)系，因此[B] consequently(結(jié)果地)是選項；其他選項[A] contrarily(相反地)、[C] similarly(相似地)以及[D] simultaneously(同時地)不能表達(dá)因果關(guān)系。
35. 答案：[A] than
分析：從本題所涉及的上下句所提示的信息來看：(children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family)，如果選擇[B] that或者[C] which就表示 less supervision在傳統(tǒng)的家庭中是common，這顯然是不正確的；而選項[D] as不符合語法；其實從less以及后邊的common，traditional family等幾個提示線索的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系就可以判斷出是前后“比較”的關(guān)系，所以選項是[A] than。
36. 答案：[B] structure
分析：從本段落的第二句話(More families consist of one parent households or two working parents)可以看出這里是有關(guān)“家庭結(jié)構(gòu)”的問題，因此本題應(yīng)該選擇[B] structure；而family system指家庭制度。
37. 答案：[B] identifiable
分析：本題考查形容詞，主要看與后邊名詞causes of offensive acts的修飾搭配。而且從上下文的意義來看，本文是在列舉造成青少年犯罪的因素。據(jù)此，應(yīng)該只有[B] identifiable(可被識別出的)符合題意；其他選項[A] assessable(可被評估的)、[C]negligible(可被忽視的)以及[D] incredible(令人難以置信的)均不符合題意。
38. 答案：[D] availability
分析：本題所考查的名詞increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol是造成青少年犯罪的一個因素，所以[B] restriction(限制)可以馬上排除；而[A] expense(花費(fèi))以及[C] allocation(分配)表達(dá)不出“毒品和酒是越來越容易得到”這個概念，所以 [D] availability(可得到性)最合適。
39. 答案：[A] incidence
分析：本題也是考查一個名詞，列舉造成青少年犯罪的因素。[A] incidence (發(fā)生率)顯然最為合適。其他選項[B] awareness(意識)、[C] exposure(曝光) 以及[D] popularity(流行、受喜歡)在意義上都不合理。
40. 答案：[C] although
分析：本題考查連接詞，主要依據(jù)是判斷上下句的邏輯關(guān)系。此處的邏輯關(guān)系明顯為讓步，表達(dá)“盡管”的意思。