大學英語相似詞辨析(32):byname,inname

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by name,in name
    這一對短語的外貌頗相像,但涵義有別。by name (也可說成 by the name of)是個中性詞組,義:“名叫什么”,它放在專有名詞之后,以表示你所要說明的人或物的確實名稱; in name是貶義詞,表示“名義上”、“徒有虛名”之意。例:
    The aeronautical engineering institute has built an airplane,
    “Stingray”by name.
    航空學院制造了一架飛機,名叫“刺 ”。
    There was a great poet China,Qu Yuan by name.
    中國有個偉大的詩人,名叫屈原。
    Someone by the name of Mary wants to see yon.
    有個叫瑪麗的要見您。
    He is a doctor in name only;he stays in the stock exchange all day long.
    他只是名義上是個醫(yī)生;他整天在股票交易所里。
    請注意by name在下列句中的涵義和用法:
    I know him by name.
    我聽到過他的名字(但和他本人并不相識)。
    He mentioned you by name.
    他曾提起你的名字。
    by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself
    這四個詞組的意義有所不同。
    By oneself的意思是“單獨地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:
    His father lives by himself in the village.
    他的父親獨自一個人住在村里。
    All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now.
    他所有的朋友都離棄他,現(xiàn)在他孤獨一人。
    For oneself的意義為“為自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:
    One should not live only for oneself.
    人不應單為自己而活。
    In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:
    This wood is hard in itself.
    這種木頭本要就是硬的。
    Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自發(fā)地”、“自動地”(of one's own accord)。例:
    Every day I awake of myself at half past five.
    每天早上我都是五點半就自己醒來。
    The door opened of itself.
    門是自己開的。
    The fire went out of itself.
    火自己熄滅了。
    與上列四個短語相類似的還有兩個詞組,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者義:“失?!?、“發(fā)狂”;后者是“獨自占有或享用”。例:
    He was beside himself with joy.
    他欣喜若狂。
    When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself.
    人們在飯店吃飯時,總是喜歡獨占一桌。
    Oneself和 one's self的區(qū)別也是值得我們注意的。Oneself是反身強調(diào)代詞,意指自己;one's self則是代詞加名詞,意指個人的本性。它們的區(qū)別如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一樣。例:
    She made a cup of tea for herself.
    她為自己燒了一杯茶。
    She looked just like her old self.
    她看上去和從前依然一模一樣。
    請注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵義,這是其他反身代詞所沒有的特性。例:
    They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party.
    他們邀請我父親和我參加他們的聚會。
    He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street.
    在馬路上他既沒有看見我,也沒有看見瑪麗。