Passage 2
Intelligence: a changed view
1．Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity，some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements．Its Value therefore．was as a predictor of children’s future learning．If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks，then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious．Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education．
2．Today, we are beginning to think differently．In the last few years，research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself．There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence．Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates．
3．There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence．Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment．We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence，whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment．。Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction．
4．Two major findings have emerged from these researches．Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life．It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four．Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship．Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences．
5．These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence．Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind，we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment．These skills have to be learned and，indeed，one of them is learning how to learn．
6．The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system．In one respect a change is already occurring．With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes，fewer children will be given the label“l(fā)ow IQ’which must inevitably condemn a child in his own，if not society’s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people．
1. paragraph 2___
2. paragraph 4 ___
3. paragraph 5 ___
4. paragraph 6 ___
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.
6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.
1. Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.
A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C. taught to be more intelligent
D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F. and partly has to do with a child’s living environment 答案與解析：
1．文章主題分析：intelligence: a changed view
(第1段) Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all …
(第2段)Today, we are beginning to think differently….
(第3段)There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence.
因此判斷文章主題涉及到人們（隨著時(shí)間變化？）對智力的不同看法。
2． 被選項(xiàng)分析：
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
劃線結(jié)構(gòu)是被選項(xiàng)中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)，也是可以作為答案線索的結(jié)構(gòu)。
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
1. paragraph 2___
Today, we are beginning to think differently. …There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with their more fortunate classmates.
1. C. 分析：在段落中第2句發(fā)現(xiàn)了“influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence”，該結(jié)構(gòu)含義與C的內(nèi)容一致（環(huán)境對智力的影響），而且在段落的后面部分發(fā)現(xiàn)了用“窮孩子和富人家的孩子進(jìn)行比較”的例子，因此肯定D是答案。
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
2. paragraph 4 ___
The two major findings have emerged from these researches. (與A呼應(yīng))Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated…。 Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship…
2． A。分析：抓住段落結(jié)構(gòu)：“觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)句+ 分層說明 （The two major findings have emerged from these researches(從這些研究中形成了兩大主要研究結(jié)果). Firstly,.. Secondly, ..）”判斷A是答案。
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
3. paragraph 5 ___
These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence.(觀點(diǎn)句，在內(nèi)容上與F呼應(yīng)) Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. …
3． F. 分析：段首句（觀點(diǎn)句）的句意與F一致，而且隨后的句子中也提到了“we now see it as a set of developed skills..（我們現(xiàn)在把它看作是一套后天習(xí)得的技能）”—反應(yīng)“變化了的觀點(diǎn)”，所以判斷F是答案。
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
4. paragraph 6 ___
The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. (觀點(diǎn)句，在內(nèi)容上與E呼應(yīng)) ..With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label “Low IQ” which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eye. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.4. E. 分析：段首句（觀點(diǎn)句）的句意與E一致，而且隨后的句子中與E中的“學(xué)校教育”相呼應(yīng)的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)--classes, teach children。
A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
D．that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F．a(chǎn)nd partly has to do with a child’s living environment
5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.
5． D。分析：空格處需要真正的主語（It是形式主語），因此根據(jù)語法結(jié)構(gòu)判斷D是答案。該句大意是“人們曾經(jīng)一度相信，智力是一個(gè)孩子天生所具有的，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢愿鶕?jù)他/她的智力水平判斷他/她在將來是否會取得成功?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F．a(chǎn)nd partly has to do with a child’s living environment
6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.
6． F。分析：題干中partly的出現(xiàn)，暗示后半句中很可能還會出現(xiàn)另一個(gè)partly。因此判斷F是答案。該句大意是“最近的研究已經(jīng)表明智力一部分是來自遺傳，一部分是與孩子的生活環(huán)境有關(guān)?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.
7． B。分析：will后面應(yīng)該直接跟動詞原形，因此判斷B是答案。該句大意是“從文章中可以推斷出如果一個(gè)孩子有更多的機(jī)會和他人用語言交流他發(fā)展智力的可能性就更大?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
8． Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.
8．A．分析：借助搭配語意判斷A更加合適。該句含義“孩子不是天生更聰明或較笨，然而他們能夠通過在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)變得更加聰明?！?
Intelligence: a changed view
1．Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity，some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements．Its Value therefore．was as a predictor of children’s future learning．If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks，then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious．Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education．
2．Today, we are beginning to think differently．In the last few years，research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself．There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence．Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates．
3．There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence．Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment．We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence，whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment．。Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction．
4．Two major findings have emerged from these researches．Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life．It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four．Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship．Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences．
5．These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence．Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind，we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment．These skills have to be learned and，indeed，one of them is learning how to learn．
6．The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system．In one respect a change is already occurring．With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes，fewer children will be given the label“l(fā)ow IQ’which must inevitably condemn a child in his own，if not society’s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people．
1. paragraph 2___
2. paragraph 4 ___
3. paragraph 5 ___
4. paragraph 6 ___
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.
6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.
1. Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.
A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C. taught to be more intelligent
D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F. and partly has to do with a child’s living environment 答案與解析：
1．文章主題分析：intelligence: a changed view
(第1段) Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all …
(第2段)Today, we are beginning to think differently….
(第3段)There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence.
因此判斷文章主題涉及到人們（隨著時(shí)間變化？）對智力的不同看法。
2． 被選項(xiàng)分析：
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
劃線結(jié)構(gòu)是被選項(xiàng)中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)，也是可以作為答案線索的結(jié)構(gòu)。
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
C. Effect of environment on intelligence
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
1. paragraph 2___
Today, we are beginning to think differently. …There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with their more fortunate classmates.
1. C. 分析：在段落中第2句發(fā)現(xiàn)了“influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence”，該結(jié)構(gòu)含義與C的內(nèi)容一致（環(huán)境對智力的影響），而且在段落的后面部分發(fā)現(xiàn)了用“窮孩子和富人家的孩子進(jìn)行比較”的例子，因此肯定D是答案。
A. Main results of recent researches
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
2. paragraph 4 ___
The two major findings have emerged from these researches. (與A呼應(yīng))Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated…。 Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship…
2． A。分析：抓住段落結(jié)構(gòu)：“觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)句+ 分層說明 （The two major findings have emerged from these researches(從這些研究中形成了兩大主要研究結(jié)果). Firstly,.. Secondly, ..）”判斷A是答案。
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
F A changed View of Intelligence
3. paragraph 5 ___
These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence.(觀點(diǎn)句，在內(nèi)容上與F呼應(yīng)) Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. …
3． F. 分析：段首句（觀點(diǎn)句）的句意與F一致，而且隨后的句子中也提到了“we now see it as a set of developed skills..（我們現(xiàn)在把它看作是一套后天習(xí)得的技能）”—反應(yīng)“變化了的觀點(diǎn)”，所以判斷F是答案。
B. Popular doubt about the New View
D. Intelligence and Achievement
E. Impact on school education
4. paragraph 6 ___
The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. (觀點(diǎn)句，在內(nèi)容上與E呼應(yīng)) ..With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label “Low IQ” which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eye. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.4. E. 分析：段首句（觀點(diǎn)句）的句意與E一致，而且隨后的句子中與E中的“學(xué)校教育”相呼應(yīng)的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)--classes, teach children。
A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
D．that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F．a(chǎn)nd partly has to do with a child’s living environment
5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.
5． D。分析：空格處需要真正的主語（It是形式主語），因此根據(jù)語法結(jié)構(gòu)判斷D是答案。該句大意是“人們曾經(jīng)一度相信，智力是一個(gè)孩子天生所具有的，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢愿鶕?jù)他/她的智力水平判斷他/她在將來是否會取得成功?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F．a(chǎn)nd partly has to do with a child’s living environment
6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___.
6． F。分析：題干中partly的出現(xiàn)，暗示后半句中很可能還會出現(xiàn)另一個(gè)partly。因此判斷F是答案。該句大意是“最近的研究已經(jīng)表明智力一部分是來自遺傳，一部分是與孩子的生活環(huán)境有關(guān)?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.
7． B。分析：will后面應(yīng)該直接跟動詞原形，因此判斷B是答案。該句大意是“從文章中可以推斷出如果一個(gè)孩子有更多的機(jī)會和他人用語言交流他發(fā)展智力的可能性就更大?！?BR> A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
C．taught to be more intelligent
E．a(chǎn)nd because of the lack of communication with his classmates
8． Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.
8．A．分析：借助搭配語意判斷A更加合適。該句含義“孩子不是天生更聰明或較笨，然而他們能夠通過在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)變得更加聰明?！?