高考英語復(fù)習(xí)：數(shù)詞用法
天津四中 李好
在學(xué)完定語從句之后，同學(xué)們會接觸到的另一個語法項目是數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目、多少和順序先后的詞叫數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞有兩種：表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞，如：one，ten twenty-three；表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞，如：first，third，twentieth。
1.基數(shù)詞
基數(shù)詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可做主語、表語、定語、狀語等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.
2.序數(shù)詞
1)序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成：
★大多數(shù)的序數(shù)詞是由基數(shù)詞加-th構(gòu)成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞只在詞尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-ve為f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-y為-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★幾十幾的序數(shù)詞只在個位數(shù)體現(xiàn)。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序數(shù)詞：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth
2)序數(shù)詞在句中同樣可做主語、表語、定語、狀語等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.
3.數(shù)詞的用法：
1)表示年、月、日，“年”用基數(shù)詞，“日”用序數(shù)詞。如：May eleventh，2007
2)表示時間。如： It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示編號。編號既可以用基數(shù)詞表示，也可以用序數(shù)詞表示。區(qū)別是基數(shù)詞用在名詞之后，序數(shù)詞位于名詞之前，并加定冠詞。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介詞 in one’s+整數(shù)數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示年齡。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出頭。)
5)序數(shù)詞前加冠詞“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time?
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有數(shù)詞時為實數(shù)意義，它們的詞尾不能加復(fù)數(shù)。前無數(shù)詞時為虛數(shù)意義，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加復(fù)數(shù)，并可和of連用，構(gòu)成短語。如：five hundred students；millions of people
4.分?jǐn)?shù)的構(gòu)成
分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth
2/3：two thirds
2-：two and three quarters
5.小數(shù)的表示法
0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven
6.百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法
90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent
7.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
表示兩倍時用twice，表示三倍以上的倍數(shù)時用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.
8.算式表達(dá)法：
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four
9.與數(shù)詞相關(guān)的主謂一致原則
1)當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示時間、路程、金錢或重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看做一個整體，謂語采用單數(shù)形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“數(shù)詞”單用，表示人或物，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of-詞組”，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of-詞組中名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式：如果of-詞組中名詞或代詞是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果of-詞組中名詞或代詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主語是many a，more than one+單數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+單數(shù)名詞+or two做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.
天津四中 李好
在學(xué)完定語從句之后，同學(xué)們會接觸到的另一個語法項目是數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目、多少和順序先后的詞叫數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞有兩種：表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞，如：one，ten twenty-three；表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞，如：first，third，twentieth。
1.基數(shù)詞
基數(shù)詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可做主語、表語、定語、狀語等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.
2.序數(shù)詞
1)序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成：
★大多數(shù)的序數(shù)詞是由基數(shù)詞加-th構(gòu)成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞只在詞尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-ve為f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-y為-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★幾十幾的序數(shù)詞只在個位數(shù)體現(xiàn)。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序數(shù)詞：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth
2)序數(shù)詞在句中同樣可做主語、表語、定語、狀語等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.
3.數(shù)詞的用法：
1)表示年、月、日，“年”用基數(shù)詞，“日”用序數(shù)詞。如：May eleventh，2007
2)表示時間。如： It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示編號。編號既可以用基數(shù)詞表示，也可以用序數(shù)詞表示。區(qū)別是基數(shù)詞用在名詞之后，序數(shù)詞位于名詞之前，并加定冠詞。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介詞 in one’s+整數(shù)數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示年齡。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出頭。)
5)序數(shù)詞前加冠詞“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time?
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有數(shù)詞時為實數(shù)意義，它們的詞尾不能加復(fù)數(shù)。前無數(shù)詞時為虛數(shù)意義，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加復(fù)數(shù)，并可和of連用，構(gòu)成短語。如：five hundred students；millions of people
4.分?jǐn)?shù)的構(gòu)成
分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時，分母加s，如：
1/5：one fifth
2/3：two thirds
2-：two and three quarters
5.小數(shù)的表示法
0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven
6.百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法
90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent
7.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
表示兩倍時用twice，表示三倍以上的倍數(shù)時用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.
8.算式表達(dá)法：
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four
9.與數(shù)詞相關(guān)的主謂一致原則
1)當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示時間、路程、金錢或重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看做一個整體，謂語采用單數(shù)形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“數(shù)詞”單用，表示人或物，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of-詞組”，謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of-詞組中名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式：如果of-詞組中名詞或代詞是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果of-詞組中名詞或代詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主語是many a，more than one+單數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+單數(shù)名詞+or two做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.