雅思閱讀:summary中的空格分析(1)

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一、summary 題型做題技巧的基本原理
     summary是原文段落的概要,所以,一般而言,summary句子中各個意群之間的語義關(guān)系和實質(zhì)性的語法關(guān)系必然反映了原文所對應(yīng)信息中的語義關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。如果summary中的此類關(guān)系在原文中無法找到,該summary就無法忠實于原文。空格所代表的語義成分與空格周圍其它成分之間的關(guān)系基本上和原文當中所要查找的目標詞匯與其周圍的成分之間的關(guān)系具有類同性。因此,在summary和原文都不能清楚理解的情況下,比對兩者的語義結(jié)構(gòu)和語法結(jié)構(gòu)成了成功答題的出路。
    二、分析空格語法屬性
     空格通常為名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、非謂語動詞、限定詞或者數(shù)字。名詞的數(shù),動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)等也是分析的對象,以確保填進去的詞符合summary語法上的要求??崭裾Z法屬性的分析要求應(yīng)試者具有較好的語法知識。
    三、分析空格與句子中其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系
     語義關(guān)系包括:并列關(guān)系、比較關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、舉例關(guān)系、遞進關(guān)系、定義解釋關(guān)系、分類關(guān)系等。
    四、分析空格與句子中其它成分之間的語法關(guān)系
     語法關(guān)系包括:主謂關(guān)系、謂賓關(guān)系、介賓關(guān)系、修飾與限定關(guān)系等。
    例如:
     Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth's land surface. They may also have produced the world's atmosphere and 22 . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth's mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23 moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth's surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24 . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 are emitted. (劍四test 3, passage 2)
    分析如下:
     空格22與atmosphere在語義上并列,為不可數(shù)名詞或者名詞復(fù)數(shù),語法上是have produced 的賓語。原文信息為:
     They (volcanoes) are also thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans,...。
     不難發(fā)現(xiàn),空格22 所在句子中的語義關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系與原文是匹配的。答案是the water 或者 water 。
     空格23 在語法上為moves slowly and forms 的主語,是單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。原文信息為:
     Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma - molten rock from the mantle - inch towards the surface,,cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions...。
     moves slowly 的意思就是 inch towards 。原文中 inch towards 的主語就是magma 或者molten rock。
     空格24 與Examples of this type of eruption 語義上構(gòu)成舉例關(guān)系,又和 Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa 構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。語法上是介詞 in 的賓語。為一個地名。原文信息是:
     Sometimes - as in Northern Ireland,Wales and the Karoo in South Africa - the magma rose faster, and then flowed out ....。In the Deccan plateau in western india, there are ...。
     western india 在原文中是magma rose faster ... flowed out 類型的舉例,同時又是介詞 in 的賓語,由于在 summary 中需要和 Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa 并列,所以不能填 the Deccan plateau ,答案應(yīng)該是 western india 或者 india 。
     空格25 在語義上和emerges 并列,語法上被 violently 修飾。原文如下:
     Sometimes the magma