第二十一章 句子的種類概說
1.按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲傳播速度快。（說明事實）
The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。（說明看法）
2）疑問句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問題。有以下四種：
a. 一般疑問句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時完成工作嗎？
b. 特殊疑問句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那兒？
c. 選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不認識她，對不對？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 別緊張！
4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
2.句子按其結構可以分為以下三類：
1）簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個主謂結構句子叫簡單句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜歡集郵。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結構的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。
3）復合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個主句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復合句，從句由從屬連詞引導。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我們到達電*的時候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。
3.基本句型：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴展、變化而來的：
1）主 + 動（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 動 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 約翰忙。
3）主 + 動 + 賓（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她學英語。
4）主 + 動 + 賓 + 補（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 時間會證明我是對的。
5）主 + 動 + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。
第二十二章 簡單句和并列句
一.概念
(一)簡單句
由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)所構成的句子叫簡單句，其結構是主語+ 謂語。
(二)并列句
由并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的互相關連而又互相獨立的獨句(即簡單句)連在一起而構成的句子叫并列句。其結構是：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句
常用的連詞有and, but, or not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
二.相關知識點精講
(一)簡單句
1.主語、謂語在人稱與數(shù)上的一致性。
and連接兩個并列主語時為復數(shù)，謂語動詞也相應地使用復數(shù)形式，但：
(1)如果and連接的兩個名詞是不可數(shù)名詞且前面都沒有冠詞，若兩個詞表示一個事物或一個概念，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)；如果兩個詞表示的是兩個事物或兩個概念，謂語動詞則要用復數(shù)。
(2)如果and連接的是兩個可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，前一個有冠詞，后一個沒有冠詞，意味著一個人或 事物，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
(3)當and連接的兩個名詞前都有each，every，many a，no等單數(shù)概念的限定詞修飾時(第二個名詞前的修飾詞有時可以省略)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
2.陳述句與疑問句的轉(zhuǎn)換。
3.選擇疑問句。
4.反意疑問句。
(1)陳述句+省略問句
(2)祈使句+附加疑問句
(1) 反意疑問句的回答
(二)并列句
并列句分為:聯(lián)合并列句,轉(zhuǎn)折并列句,選擇并列句和因果并列句
1. 聯(lián)合并列句常由并列詞and, not only…but also…..等連接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折并列句常由并列連詞but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等連接
如:I would love to have gone to the
注:2,3,4點內(nèi)容不在這里介紹,講參閱相關章節(jié)
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 選擇疑問句常由并列連詞or, otherwise, either…or…,等連接
如:Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列連詞so, for, therefore 等連接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陳述句”結構中,當前后兩部分間為承接關系時,用and;前后意思為相反關系時,用or.可將前面的祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換成由if引導的條件狀語從句,但必須將and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能連用
三.鞏固練習
1. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿?
A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they
2. ＿＿＿help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and better.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
3.—— Lucy, you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ?
—— Mom, can’t Lily do it? It’s her turn to do it.
A. don’t you B. can you C. shall you D. will you
4. —— I will not take an umbrella with me today.
— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day?
A. How B. What C. How about D. What if
5. —— You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you?
—— Yes. I’ve got too much homework.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
6. Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿?
A. can it B. can’t it C. can they D. can’t they
7. There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿?
A. used there B. usedn’t there
C. used it D. usedn’t it
8.—— She isn’t your neighbour, is she?
—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Yes, she isn’t B. No, she is
C. Yes, she is D. No, isn’t she
9.—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.
—— And now you are.
A. How I wanted B. How did I want
C. What I wanted D. What did I want
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which
C. its price D. the price of that
11. After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
12. ＿＿＿＿is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
13. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
14. Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
15. What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. what
16. The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.
A. music but also some other subjects
B. some other subjects as well as music
C. music as well as some other subjects
D. some other subjects and music
17. ＿＿＿air is to man, so is water to fish.
A. Since B. Just C. Like D. As
18. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
19. ＿＿＿several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer.
A. Being asked B. Having been asked
C. He would ask D. He had been asked
20. —— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.
—— I don’t like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and
21. ＿＿＿the days went on, the situation there got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ＿＿＿everybody is here, let’s set out right away.
A. Now that B. Because C. For D. After
23. The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which
24. We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.
A. what B. since C. as D. while
25. Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.
A. that； which B. when； which
C. which； that D. when； that
26. ＿＿＿I know, they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. Since B. So far as C. In case D. As if
27. Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first, John or Kate?
A. examine B. to examine
C. examining D. examined
28. —— What are you anxious about?
—— ＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed
C. Do we succeed D. That we can succeed
29. You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place
C. the place on which D. what
30. She said to me, “I’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it. ”
A. because B. the moment C. after D. though
31. Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” ＿＿＿he had time to spare.
A. as soon as B. as C. so that D. whenever
32. Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons.
A. but B. although C. so D. for
33. Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.
A. if；won’t B. unless；will
C. unless；are D. if；are
34. Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.
A. if B. which C. whether D. that
35. She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprised us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
36. The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which is not B. that have not been
C. that has not D. that has not been
37. He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
38. It’s really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
39. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
40. Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
41.—— Helen must obey her parents.
—— Oh, she must,＿＿ ?
A. must she B. mustn’t she
C. shouldn’t she D. should she
42. John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ?
A. mustn’t he B. needn’t he
C. isn’t he D. shouldn’t he
43. It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
44. ＿＿the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading
C. If reading D. When you read
45. ＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Either；or D. Both；and
46. ＿＿,so he didn’t come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill
C. Having been ill D. He was ill
47. She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.
A. how B. in which C. that D. which
48. Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
49. To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.
A. to play well B. play well
C. we play well D. playing well
50. ＿＿＿you go, you should bear the motherland in mind.
A. Where B. Whenever
C. However D. Wherever
四.答案
1-10 CBDDBABCAB 11-20 CBABCBDADC 21-30 DABCBBDAAB
31-40 DACCBBADBD 41-50 ACBDADCAAD
1.按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲傳播速度快。（說明事實）
The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。（說明看法）
2）疑問句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問題。有以下四種：
a. 一般疑問句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時完成工作嗎？
b. 特殊疑問句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那兒？
c. 選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不認識她，對不對？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 別緊張！
4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
2.句子按其結構可以分為以下三類：
1）簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個主謂結構句子叫簡單句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜歡集郵。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結構的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。
3）復合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個主句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復合句，從句由從屬連詞引導。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我們到達電*的時候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。
3.基本句型：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴展、變化而來的：
1）主 + 動（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 動 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 約翰忙。
3）主 + 動 + 賓（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她學英語。
4）主 + 動 + 賓 + 補（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 時間會證明我是對的。
5）主 + 動 + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。
第二十二章 簡單句和并列句
一.概念
(一)簡單句
由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)所構成的句子叫簡單句，其結構是主語+ 謂語。
(二)并列句
由并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的互相關連而又互相獨立的獨句(即簡單句)連在一起而構成的句子叫并列句。其結構是：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句
常用的連詞有and, but, or not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or
二.相關知識點精講
(一)簡單句
1.主語、謂語在人稱與數(shù)上的一致性。
and連接兩個并列主語時為復數(shù)，謂語動詞也相應地使用復數(shù)形式，但：
(1)如果and連接的兩個名詞是不可數(shù)名詞且前面都沒有冠詞，若兩個詞表示一個事物或一個概念，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)；如果兩個詞表示的是兩個事物或兩個概念，謂語動詞則要用復數(shù)。
(2)如果and連接的是兩個可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，前一個有冠詞，后一個沒有冠詞，意味著一個人或 事物，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
(3)當and連接的兩個名詞前都有each，every，many a，no等單數(shù)概念的限定詞修飾時(第二個名詞前的修飾詞有時可以省略)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
2.陳述句與疑問句的轉(zhuǎn)換。
3.選擇疑問句。
4.反意疑問句。
(1)陳述句+省略問句
(2)祈使句+附加疑問句
(1) 反意疑問句的回答
(二)并列句
并列句分為:聯(lián)合并列句,轉(zhuǎn)折并列句,選擇并列句和因果并列句
1. 聯(lián)合并列句常由并列詞and, not only…but also…..等連接
如: Use your hand, and you’ll find a way.
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折并列句常由并列連詞but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等連接
如:I would love to have gone to the
注:2,3,4點內(nèi)容不在這里介紹,講參閱相關章節(jié)
party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
3. 選擇疑問句常由并列連詞or, otherwise, either…or…,等連接
如:Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police
4. 因果并列句由并列連詞so, for, therefore 等連接.
如: it was late, so we went home.
5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陳述句”結構中,當前后兩部分間為承接關系時,用and;前后意思為相反關系時,用or.可將前面的祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換成由if引導的條件狀語從句,但必須將and 或or 去掉.
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.
6. because和so; although, though和but 不能連用
三.鞏固練習
1. I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿?
A. do I B. don’t I C. will they D. won’t they
2. ＿＿＿help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and better.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
3.—— Lucy, you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ?
—— Mom, can’t Lily do it? It’s her turn to do it.
A. don’t you B. can you C. shall you D. will you
4. —— I will not take an umbrella with me today.
— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day?
A. How B. What C. How about D. What if
5. —— You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you?
—— Yes. I’ve got too much homework.
A. can’t B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
6. Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿?
A. can it B. can’t it C. can they D. can’t they
7. There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿?
A. used there B. usedn’t there
C. used it D. usedn’t it
8.—— She isn’t your neighbour, is she?
—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Yes, she isn’t B. No, she is
C. Yes, she is D. No, isn’t she
9.—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.
—— And now you are.
A. How I wanted B. How did I want
C. What I wanted D. What did I want
10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which
C. its price D. the price of that
11. After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
12. ＿＿＿＿is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
13. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
14. Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
15. What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when B. how C. whether D. what
16. The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.
A. music but also some other subjects
B. some other subjects as well as music
C. music as well as some other subjects
D. some other subjects and music
17. ＿＿＿air is to man, so is water to fish.
A. Since B. Just C. Like D. As
18. There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.
A. while B. as C. when D. so
19. ＿＿＿several times about it, but he could not give the correct answer.
A. Being asked B. Having been asked
C. He would ask D. He had been asked
20. —— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.
—— I don’t like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and
21. ＿＿＿the days went on, the situation there got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
22. ＿＿＿everybody is here, let’s set out right away.
A. Now that B. Because C. For D. After
23. The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which B. in which C. which D. with which
24. We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.
A. what B. since C. as D. while
25. Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.
A. that； which B. when； which
C. which； that D. when； that
26. ＿＿＿I know, they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. Since B. So far as C. In case D. As if
27. Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first, John or Kate?
A. examine B. to examine
C. examining D. examined
28. —— What are you anxious about?
—— ＿＿＿＿＿.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed
C. Do we succeed D. That we can succeed
29. You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place
C. the place on which D. what
30. She said to me, “I’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it. ”
A. because B. the moment C. after D. though
31. Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” ＿＿＿he had time to spare.
A. as soon as B. as C. so that D. whenever
32. Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons.
A. but B. although C. so D. for
33. Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.
A. if；won’t B. unless；will
C. unless；are D. if；are
34. Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.
A. if B. which C. whether D. that
35. She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprised us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
36. The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which is not B. that have not been
C. that has not D. that has not been
37. He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is
C. which I think it D. I think is
38. It’s really very dangerous. One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.
A. or B. so C. but D. and
39. She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
40. Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
41.—— Helen must obey her parents.
—— Oh, she must,＿＿ ?
A. must she B. mustn’t she
C. shouldn’t she D. should she
42. John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ?
A. mustn’t he B. needn’t he
C. isn’t he D. shouldn’t he
43. It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
44. ＿＿the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading
C. If reading D. When you read
45. ＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.
A. Not only；but also B. Neither；nor
C. Either；or D. Both；and
46. ＿＿,so he didn’t come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill
C. Having been ill D. He was ill
47. She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.
A. how B. in which C. that D. which
48. Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up.
A. what B. that C. as D. which
49. To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.
A. to play well B. play well
C. we play well D. playing well
50. ＿＿＿you go, you should bear the motherland in mind.
A. Where B. Whenever
C. However D. Wherever
四.答案
1-10 CBDDBABCAB 11-20 CBABCBDADC 21-30 DABCBBDAAB
31-40 DACCBBADBD 41-50 ACBDADCAAD