虛擬語(yǔ)氣概述:
英語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣:陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)前兩種語(yǔ)氣,學(xué)生似乎比較熟悉,而對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣似乎感到比較難掌握。造成這種情況的主要原因,一是對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣有誤解,認(rèn)為虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都是假的;二是將虛擬語(yǔ)氣放在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法過(guò)高的地位上,原因之一是語(yǔ)法考試經(jīng)??继摂M語(yǔ)氣,如2000年A卷20道語(yǔ)法題中有5道是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的語(yǔ)法范疇;三是英語(yǔ)中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)形式比較特殊。
其實(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣有兩大類(lèi)用法:
1. 在對(duì)"他人"作命令、推薦、建議、勸慰、說(shuō)服時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式表達(dá),表示語(yǔ)氣的客氣或婉轉(zhuǎn),如:
I would like you to answer this question. (我想請(qǐng)你來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)
這里的would like to (想),就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,相當(dāng)于want to:
口語(yǔ)中常用的句型,象:
Would you mind my smoking here?(我在這里抽煙你不介意吧?)
It might a good idea to wait and see.(觀望或許是個(gè)好主意。)
Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告訴我郵局怎么走嗎?)
You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你帶上雨傘;天在打雷。)
I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(這種惡劣天氣我寧可呆在家里。)
等句子都屬于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的范疇,注意這里的動(dòng)詞都采用了"過(guò)去時(shí)"的形式。
2. 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反或(幾乎)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事,這可能就是一般人概念中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如:
If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (當(dāng)時(shí)有個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 實(shí)際情況是當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有醫(yī)生)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型分類(lèi)和用法:
虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以粗略地分為兩大類(lèi):
第一類(lèi):should 型虛擬式 第二類(lèi):were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動(dòng)詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時(shí))
這類(lèi)虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語(yǔ)從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會(huì)議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構(gòu)成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請(qǐng)求) / insist(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構(gòu)成的賓語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句或其他有關(guān)句型時(shí),都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語(yǔ)從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語(yǔ)從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見(jiàn),此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣比較容易接受,考試時(shí)只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準(zhǔn)確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項(xiàng),如使用must, may, might, could等類(lèi)詞進(jìn)行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動(dòng)詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個(gè)"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯(cuò)過(guò)了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的某個(gè)形式以及be動(dòng)詞的"were"這個(gè)形式來(lái)表達(dá)某種虛擬的語(yǔ)氣。
英語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣:陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)前兩種語(yǔ)氣,學(xué)生似乎比較熟悉,而對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣似乎感到比較難掌握。造成這種情況的主要原因,一是對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣有誤解,認(rèn)為虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都是假的;二是將虛擬語(yǔ)氣放在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法過(guò)高的地位上,原因之一是語(yǔ)法考試經(jīng)??继摂M語(yǔ)氣,如2000年A卷20道語(yǔ)法題中有5道是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的語(yǔ)法范疇;三是英語(yǔ)中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)形式比較特殊。
其實(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣有兩大類(lèi)用法:
1. 在對(duì)"他人"作命令、推薦、建議、勸慰、說(shuō)服時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式表達(dá),表示語(yǔ)氣的客氣或婉轉(zhuǎn),如:
I would like you to answer this question. (我想請(qǐng)你來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)
這里的would like to (想),就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,相當(dāng)于want to:
口語(yǔ)中常用的句型,象:
Would you mind my smoking here?(我在這里抽煙你不介意吧?)
It might a good idea to wait and see.(觀望或許是個(gè)好主意。)
Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告訴我郵局怎么走嗎?)
You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你帶上雨傘;天在打雷。)
I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(這種惡劣天氣我寧可呆在家里。)
等句子都屬于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的范疇,注意這里的動(dòng)詞都采用了"過(guò)去時(shí)"的形式。
2. 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反或(幾乎)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事,這可能就是一般人概念中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如:
If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (當(dāng)時(shí)有個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 實(shí)際情況是當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有醫(yī)生)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型分類(lèi)和用法:
虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以粗略地分為兩大類(lèi):
第一類(lèi):should 型虛擬式 第二類(lèi):were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動(dòng)詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時(shí))
這類(lèi)虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語(yǔ)從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會(huì)議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構(gòu)成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請(qǐng)求) / insist(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構(gòu)成的賓語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句或其他有關(guān)句型時(shí),都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語(yǔ)從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語(yǔ)從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見(jiàn),此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣比較容易接受,考試時(shí)只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準(zhǔn)確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項(xiàng),如使用must, may, might, could等類(lèi)詞進(jìn)行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動(dòng)詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個(gè)"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯(cuò)過(guò)了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的某個(gè)形式以及be動(dòng)詞的"were"這個(gè)形式來(lái)表達(dá)某種虛擬的語(yǔ)氣。

