時(shí)態(tài)一直是高考的熱點(diǎn)，也是廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考的難點(diǎn)。要求考生具備較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力，能在具體語(yǔ)境中恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地使用某一特定時(shí)態(tài)。高考對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查非常靈活且難度較大，不易把握。大部分時(shí)態(tài)題答案的選擇取決于題干語(yǔ)境；但也有部分時(shí)態(tài)試題較易把握，其用法相對(duì)固定，常見(jiàn)于特定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中；還有部分常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)用法特殊。此文盤(pán)點(diǎn)近年高考全國(guó)各地英語(yǔ)試題，精選考例，揭示熱點(diǎn)，并提出應(yīng)試方法及備考策略。
Ⅰ、常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的一般用法
一、將來(lái)時(shí)
[例1]—Did you tell Julia about the result?
—Oh, no, I forget. I _____her now. (NMET2005Ⅲ)
A. will be calling B. will call
C. call D. am to call
答案B。從題干得知我并未告知Julia結(jié)果，受對(duì)方啟示，說(shuō)話者現(xiàn)在臨時(shí)想到要告知對(duì)方。
[備考啟示]will\shall do用作將來(lái)表說(shuō)話者臨時(shí)想到要干的某個(gè)動(dòng)作，是說(shuō)話者主觀態(tài)度或看法。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、be to do以及be going to均可用來(lái)表將來(lái)。
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例2]Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she_____. (遼寧2005NMET)
A. has done B. had done
C. was doing D. is doing
答案C。從時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)上考慮，A和D均錯(cuò)；Susan不想讓其父母知道她眼下正在干什么，便背著父母偷偷干。
[備考啟示]過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；在口語(yǔ)中，說(shuō)話者所說(shuō)內(nèi)容是非一定目的、隨意的，亦常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例3] Although the causes of cancer _____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. (山東2006NMET)
A. are being uncovered
B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering
D. have uncovered
答案A。此題考查狀語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)causes of cancer和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞uncover存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)B、C、D；致癌原因正被揭開(kāi)，故選進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
[備考啟示] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行，較一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相比具有暫時(shí)性。
3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例4] At this time tomorrow ____over the Atlantic.
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
答案B。明天此時(shí)我們正飛越大西洋。描述將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[備考啟示]將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，注意時(shí)間暗示。
4.現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例5] I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour. (湖北2006NMET)
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
答案A。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，故排除選項(xiàng)B和C；據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)律排除選項(xiàng)D；學(xué)生一直在做數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)，直到規(guī)定時(shí)間完畢教師才公布答案。
[備考啟示]某個(gè)動(dòng)作或過(guò)程過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)刻，有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)。因此，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)仍帶有進(jìn)行時(shí)的持續(xù)性；某個(gè)動(dòng)作或過(guò)程過(guò)去的過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻，有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)，用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
[例6] My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America. (江西2006NMET)
A. worked B. would work
C. would be working D. has been working
答案A。描述過(guò)去曾發(fā)生的事實(shí)，and then went也加以提示。
[備考啟示]一般過(guò)去時(shí)表在過(guò)去某時(shí)間中一次完成的動(dòng)作或一度存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在，側(cè)重描述過(guò)去事實(shí)，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
四、完成時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
[例7] Customers are asked to make sure that they ____the right change before leaving the shop
A. will give B. have been given
C. have given D. will be given
Ⅰ、常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)的一般用法
一、將來(lái)時(shí)
[例1]—Did you tell Julia about the result?
—Oh, no, I forget. I _____her now. (NMET2005Ⅲ)
A. will be calling B. will call
C. call D. am to call
答案B。從題干得知我并未告知Julia結(jié)果，受對(duì)方啟示，說(shuō)話者現(xiàn)在臨時(shí)想到要告知對(duì)方。
[備考啟示]will\shall do用作將來(lái)表說(shuō)話者臨時(shí)想到要干的某個(gè)動(dòng)作，是說(shuō)話者主觀態(tài)度或看法。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、be to do以及be going to均可用來(lái)表將來(lái)。
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例2]Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she_____. (遼寧2005NMET)
A. has done B. had done
C. was doing D. is doing
答案C。從時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)上考慮，A和D均錯(cuò)；Susan不想讓其父母知道她眼下正在干什么，便背著父母偷偷干。
[備考啟示]過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；在口語(yǔ)中，說(shuō)話者所說(shuō)內(nèi)容是非一定目的、隨意的，亦常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例3] Although the causes of cancer _____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. (山東2006NMET)
A. are being uncovered
B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering
D. have uncovered
答案A。此題考查狀語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)causes of cancer和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞uncover存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故選用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)B、C、D；致癌原因正被揭開(kāi)，故選進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
[備考啟示] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行，較一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相比具有暫時(shí)性。
3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例4] At this time tomorrow ____over the Atlantic.
A. we’re going to fly B. we’ll be flying C. we’ll fly D. we’re to fly
答案B。明天此時(shí)我們正飛越大西洋。描述將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
[備考啟示]將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)，注意時(shí)間暗示。
4.現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
[例5] I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he ____on it for more than an hour. (湖北2006NMET)
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
答案A。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，故排除選項(xiàng)B和C；據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)律排除選項(xiàng)D；學(xué)生一直在做數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)，直到規(guī)定時(shí)間完畢教師才公布答案。
[備考啟示]某個(gè)動(dòng)作或過(guò)程過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)刻，有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)。因此，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)仍帶有進(jìn)行時(shí)的持續(xù)性；某個(gè)動(dòng)作或過(guò)程過(guò)去的過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻，有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)，用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
[例6] My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ____there for a few months and then went to America. (江西2006NMET)
A. worked B. would work
C. would be working D. has been working
答案A。描述過(guò)去曾發(fā)生的事實(shí)，and then went也加以提示。
[備考啟示]一般過(guò)去時(shí)表在過(guò)去某時(shí)間中一次完成的動(dòng)作或一度存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在，側(cè)重描述過(guò)去事實(shí)，與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。
四、完成時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
[例7] Customers are asked to make sure that they ____the right change before leaving the shop
A. will give B. have been given
C. have given D. will be given