對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子的認(rèn)識(shí)
一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子的認(rèn)識(shí)
意義：英語(yǔ)的句式與中文的不同。我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候要注意到這一點(diǎn)。有的同學(xué)在學(xué)習(xí)中對(duì)此沒(méi)有足夠的認(rèn)識(shí)，常常受中文的干擾。在寫(xiě)作中表現(xiàn)出不能寫(xiě)出正確的句子。
I. 什么是句子？
長(zhǎng)的是句子，短的是詞?！?BR> √ 無(wú)論字?jǐn)?shù)多少，只要有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞），而且能表達(dá)完整的意義的一句話就是一個(gè)句子。
I am tired.
Pressing one’s palm together and resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand while closing the eyes as if sleeping means “I am tired.”（雙手合攏，閉上眼，把頭靠在手背上像睡覺(jué)的樣子，意思是說(shuō)“我累了。”）
這兩個(gè)句子都具備了主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。都是完整的句子。要記住：在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)句子必須且只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。
1. 省略主語(yǔ)的句子
Come in, please. (You)
Open the door.
Sit down.
Stand up.
What a day! (What a terrible day it is!)
2. 一個(gè)句子不能同時(shí)有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)。
典型錯(cuò)誤：
1) The old man likes take a walk in the village after supper.
∟The old man likes to take a walk in the village after supper.
2) I enjoy talk with him over a cup of coffee.
∟I enjoy talking with him over a cup of coffee.
3) The boy ran to his mother cry.
∟The boy ran to his mother crying.
4) After write the notice, he put it up on the wall.
∟ After writing the notice, he put it up on the wall.
After he wrote the notice, he put it up on the wall.
3. 不要把從句的謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)成句子的謂語(yǔ), 或把主句的謂語(yǔ)當(dāng)成從句的謂語(yǔ)。
如果是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句和從句都應(yīng)該分別有自己的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
典型錯(cuò)誤：
1） 1） Those who eat too much will easily ill.
∟Those who eat too much will easily get ill.
2) When he walking in the park, he felt a little tired.
∟When he was walking in the park, he felt a little tired.
3）When I at school, I studied very hard.
∟When I was at school, I studied very hard.
II. Practice: 判斷以下是否是句子。
1. Birds can fly 是
2. The birds in the cage which I bought yesterday 不是
3. Wait for me at the station 是
4. If you know how to play with words to make people laugh不是
5. A way of saying “I’m sorry” 不是
6. Patting the stomach before a meal不是
7. The bread my mother makes is much better than what you can buy at the store. 是
8. To make friends in the school which was not far from my new home不是
9. If you want to know what it feels like to fall through the air, take off in a rocket, fly a helicopter or fight alien creatures in outer space不是
III. 常見(jiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)
由于英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞種類的不同，構(gòu)成了不同的句子類型。和中文不同的是，英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思時(shí)，有的是及物動(dòng)詞，有的就是不及物動(dòng)詞。如：表示“聽(tīng)” 這個(gè)意義時(shí)，listen 是不及物動(dòng)詞；hear是及物動(dòng)詞。表示 “看” 這個(gè)意義時(shí)，look是不及物動(dòng)詞，see, watch和 notice就是及物動(dòng)詞。表示 “到達(dá)”，arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞，reach是及物動(dòng)詞。不及物動(dòng)詞是不能接賓語(yǔ)的。只能加上一個(gè)介詞，才能接賓語(yǔ)。如：listen to, look at, arrive in等等。
1. 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞
e.g. He came in.
The airplane from Hong Kong arrived at four p.m.
On his arrival he went straight to the counter.
To catch up with others, you’d better work harder.
How did the accident occur?
In July, the ship set out for the Pacific.
Australia has changed a lot in the past forty years.
They lived by hunting animals, birds and fish.
2. 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞有：be, seem, appear, become, go, get, grow, turn,
look, sound, feel, taste, smell
e.g. She is very happy. (×She very happy.)
I am a student.
He became nervous when thinking of stealing.
It is impossible to find a shop that is open after 5 p.m. in this area.
We are proud of our friends.
To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young.
It’s much cheaper to camp than to stay in a hotel.
It is useless trying to argue with him.
I got caught in the traffic.
Just then, the traffic light turned red.
He seemed to have misunderstood you.
3. 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
e.g. We learn English at school.
He wondered whether Bill had managed to escape.
I didn’t mean to be so rude.
Most people here earn their living by farming.
We will send these goods to the flooded area.
You must keep your word.
I took some photos of some beautiful actress.
I hope that one day I shall be able to repay you.
被動(dòng)：English is learnt at school.
These goods will be sent to the flooded area.
4. 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)
有些動(dòng)詞需要接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般由人擔(dān)任，直接賓語(yǔ)一般由物擔(dān)任。
give, offer, teach, tell, read, ask, bring, pass, lend, return, write, throw, allow, send,cost
make, buy, do, get, save, cook, sing, find等。
e.g. My brother gave me a book.
Who sent you the computer?
My mother would read me a story before I went to bed.
I won’t tell you anything about it.
Can you sing us an English song?
Pass me the newspaper, please.
這樣的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)可根據(jù)需要，將任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作為句子的主語(yǔ)。
e.g. I was given a book.
A book was given to me.
5. 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓補(bǔ)
e.g. Unfortunately they find it difficult to repay this money.
The growth in population made New York the largest city in the USA.
Do you think it possible to finish it in one day?
We are making our country more and more beautiful.
【模擬試題】
改錯(cuò)練習(xí)：
1. Please speak louder so that everybody can listen you.
2. Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.
3. Listen! Someone knocking at the door.
4. He told me don’t call him before 9 o’clock.
5. Does your parents allow you make your own decision?
6. Although it is only August, but the weather is getting worse daily.
7. Because the professor had fallen ill, so he was not able to be present at the conference.
8. In Japan, a person sees the “OK” gesture may think it means money.
9. When I past his room, I heard him singing an English song.
【試題答案】
1. listen→hear 2. 去掉been 3. Ù knocking → is knocking
4. don’t → not to 5. Ù make →to make 6. 去掉but
7. 去掉so 8. Ù sees→who sees
9. past → passed或 Ù past → walked past
如何寫(xiě)出好句子
一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
如何寫(xiě)出好句子
如何寫(xiě)出好句子：好句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)是：用詞準(zhǔn)確、邏輯清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔明了、可讀性強(qiáng)。
1. 學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用復(fù)合句
復(fù)合句包括：名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句
用復(fù)合句增強(qiáng)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，使你的句子變得緊湊
［練習(xí)］
根據(jù)句子之間的關(guān)系，用正確的連詞使其成為復(fù)合句。
（1）Children grow older. They prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents.
When children grow older, they prefer to be more independent rather than be at the mercy of their parents.
（2）I was very excited . I couldn’t express myself in words.
I was so excited that I couldn’t express myself in words.
（3）We will have a further discussion. We draw a final conclusion.
We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.
（4）The economy in this area is developing rapidly. The qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory.
Although the economy in this area is developing rapidly, the qualities of some citizens are still not satisfactory.
（5）You are allowed to drive my car . You should drive carefully and slowly.
You are allowed to drive my car on condition that/ as long as you should drive carefully and slowly.
（6）The teacher had read my composition. He gave me his opinion.
After the teacher had read my composition, he gave me his opinion.
（7）You have got the secret. Please don’t spread it in public.
If you have got the secret, please don’t spread it in public.
（8）They arrived at the farm. They were welcomed by the farmers.
The moment/As soon as they arrived at the farm, they were welcomed by the farmers.
（9）The International Red Cross is an organization. Its purpose is to help the sick and the needy.
The International Red Cross is an organization whose purpose is to help the sick and the needy.
（10）I decided to find a job. I could earn the money.
I decided to find a job so that I could earn the money.
2. 學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使你的句子簡(jiǎn)潔。
［練習(xí)］
運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成下列句子：
（1）Most of the artists who had been invited to the party were from South Africa.
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
（2）The prices of the computers which are being shown here are still unknown.
The prices of the computers being shown here are still unknown.
（3）After he had been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.
（4）Nowadays the old people often do morning exercises in the park in order that they could keep healthy.
Nowadays the old people often do morning exercises in the park to keep healthy.
（5）The church was built in 1829. It is the oldest European structure .
The church built in 1829 is the oldest European structure .
（6）Jane was disturbed by the noise. She turned off the radio.
Disturbed by the noise, Jane turned off the radio.
（7）Gary was tired. He decided to go to bed.
Being tired, Gary decided to go to bed.
（8）As I felt hungry, I decided to walk to the shop and buy some food.
Feeling hungry, I decided to walk to the shop and buy some food.
（9）I sent him an e-mail and hoped to get further information about SARS.
I sent him an e-mail, hoping to get further information about SARS.
（10）As soon as I entered the classroom, I found all my classmates were busy studying
Entering the classroom, I found all my classmates were busy studying
3. 學(xué)會(huì)句式的變化
用不同的表達(dá)方法來(lái)豐富你的句式
［練習(xí)］
改寫(xiě)句子，填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~使句意與原句意義相同。
1. It was not long before he had to leave for another place.
Before long , he was forced to move on.
2. The room is so small that we can’t put the piano in it.
The room is too small for us to put the piano in.
3. By chance I met an old friend of mine that day.
I happened to meet an old friend of mine that day.
It happened that I met an old friend of mine that day.
4. That was because we were not careful enough.
That was because of our carelessness.
5. The people were in deep sorrow when they heard this sad news.
The people were in deep sorrow at this sad news .
6. If you won’t do it, I’ll get Tom to do it.
If you won’t do it, I’ll make/ have Tom do it.
7. We think that it is our duty to take care of these young trees.
We think it our duty to take care of these young trees.
8. When I was a child, I often played here.
As a boy, I used to play here.
9. I have never seen such a beautiful suit before.
I have never seen so beautiful a suit before.
10. If it doesn’t rain, we’ll hold the sports meet.
Unless it rains, we’ll hold the sports meet.
11. Do you mind if I smoke here?
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
12. I was walking aimlessly through the street when I saw a tailor’s shop.
I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.
13. Hearing the news, he hurried home.
After / When he heard the news, he went home in a hurry.
14. He never hesitates to help others.
He always helps others without any hesitation.
15. The young man came in, who was holding a book in his hand.
The young man came in, holding/with a book in his hand.
16. Liberation brought about a complete change in his life.
It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life.
17. The windows need cleaning.
The windows need to be cleaned.
18. I don’t think he will apologize to me.
I don’t think he will make an apology to me.
19. It seemed that they were talking about something important.
They seemed to be talking about something important.
20. It’s time for us to discuss this problem.
It’s time that we should discuss/ discussed this problem.
21. You’ re very kind to say so.
It ’s very kind of you to say so.
22. The foreign visitors were warmly welcomed at the airport.
The foreign visitors were given a warm welcome at the airport.
23. As I was coughing badly, the doctor told me to stop smoking.
The doctor advised me to give up smoking, for I was coughing badly.
24. With the help of the map, we found the place without any trouble.
With the help of the map, we had no trouble in finding the place.
25. As I was tired out, I went to sleep soon.
Being tired out, I fell asleep soon.
26. I told him to go to school and at last he took my advice.
At last I persuaded him to go to school.
27. People said he would invite Mr. Brown to dinner
It was said that he would invite Mr. Brown to dinner.
He was said to invite Mr. Brown to dinner.
28. Good pronunciation is very important.
Good pronunciation is of great importance.
29. I ran to school so quickly that I could hardly breathe when I reached there.
I ran to school so quickly that I was quite out of breath when I reached there.
30. I didn’t finish reading the novel until yesterday.
It was not until yesterday that I finished reading the novel.
Not until yesterday did I finish reading the novel.
31. Although he was quite young, he did it very well.
Quite young as he was , he did it very well.
32. She had to sell her house. That was the only way out for her.
She had no choice but to sell her house.
33. He went to study at a college at the age of 18.
When he was 18, he went to study at a college.
34. What surprised me greatly was to find she was such a fine swimmer.
To my great surprise, I found she was such a fine swimmer.
35. “Mary, do you agree with me?” John asked.
John asked Mary if /whether she agreed with him.
36. My brother has been in the army for three years.
It is three years since my brother joined the army.
My brother joined the army three years ago.
37. She said to me, “Don’t forget to ring him up tomorrow morning.”
She told me not to forget to ring him up the next morning.
38. We left early so that we shouldn’t be late for the meeting.
We started out early in order not to be late for the meeting.
39. Look round before you cross the street.
Look round before/ when/ while crossing the street.
40. Work hard and you will succeed.
If you work hard, you will succeed.
41. She suddenly began to cry.
She burst into tears.
42. she is too young to go to school.
She isn’t old enough to go to school.
43. It is not polite to make others be laughed at.
It is not polite to make fun of others.
44. Mathilde would rather not go to the palace ball unless she got some jewelry.
Mathilde would rather stay at home than go to the palace ball if she couldn’t get any jewelry.
45. It is better for you to give up drinking.
You had better give up drinking.
46. It is not necessary for you to worry about him.
You need not worry about him.
There is no need to worry about him.
47. As he was very poor, he couldn’t go to college.
His poverty prevented him from going to college.
48. The enemy soldier ,who was full of fear, kept trembling
The enemy soldier , full of fear, kept trembling.
49. He has formed the habit of sleeping early and getting up early.
He has made it a rule to sleep early and get up early.
He has got used to sleeping early and getting up early.
50. We often hear her sing English songs in her spare time.
She is often heard to sing English songs in her spare time.