一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
英文寫作基礎(chǔ)——動詞
引言
寫作的基礎(chǔ)是詞匯。詞匯是表達(dá)思想的基本要素。按照大綱要求，高中畢業(yè)應(yīng)掌握2000左右詞匯。我們可以將這些詞匯分類，找出常用的幾百個。對于這幾百個詞匯，要做到四會，即聽得懂，說得出，會認(rèn)讀，能拼寫。
學(xué)習(xí)一個詞匯不僅要知道它的意義，而且要知道它的詞性。英文中有名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞，冠詞和連詞。
動詞
文章是由句子組成的。每一個句子都少不了謂語。而擔(dān)任謂語的是動詞。對于一個很活躍的動詞，我們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾個方面：
一. 準(zhǔn)確的讀音和拼寫
聽得懂，說得出是寫作的基礎(chǔ)。只有掌握了正確讀音，才能做到這一點。只有正確的拼寫才能準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳達(dá)信息。太多的拼寫錯誤會影響書面表達(dá)的得分。
二. 基本意義
三. 常用其它意義
除了基本意義之外，這些詞在其它語境中還會有不同的意義，有自己的使用范疇。因此，只掌握基本意義是不夠的。
四. 常見搭配
我們所說的搭配，不僅包括動詞與介詞﹑副詞的搭配，而且包括與名詞搭配的意義。以動詞make為例。make的基本意義是“制作”，而make beds意思是“整理床鋪”，make use of意思是“利用”，make money掙錢，make a fortune: “發(fā)財”，make faces“做鬼臉”等等。
五. 過去式與過去分詞
在書面表達(dá)中很少用到一般現(xiàn)在時，除非是表示規(guī)律性和反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，當(dāng)涉及時態(tài)時，就會用到動詞的過去式﹑過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞等形式。因此，熟練掌握一些常用不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞是非常必要的。這里，我們?yōu)橥瑢W(xué)們列出書面表達(dá)中經(jīng)常使用的一些動詞的形式。為了記憶方便，將它們分成AAA，ABB，AAB，ABA和ABC五種形式。一個字母代表一種形式。
AAA: cut, set, cost, hurt, let, put, set, shut, spread, read
ABB: bend – bent – bent bring – brought – brought
build – built – built burn – burnt – burnt
buy – bought – bought catch – caught – caught
deal – dealt – dealt feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt fight – fought – fought
find – found – found get – got – got
hang – hung – hung (掛) have – had – had
hear - heard – heard hide – hid – hid
hold – held – held keep – kept – kept
lay – laid – laid lead – led – led
leave – left – left lend – lent – lent
light – lit – lit lose – lost – lost
make – made – made mean – meant – meant
meet – met – met pay – paid – paid
say – said – said sell – sold – sold
send – sent – sent shine – shone – shone
shoot – shot –shot sit – sat – sat
sleep – slept – slept spend – spent – spent
stand – stood – stood stick – stuck – stuck
sweep – swept – swept teach – taught – taught
tell – told – told think – thought – thought
understand – understood – understood
win – won – won
AAB: beat – beat – beaten
ABA: become – became – become come – came – come
run – ran – run
ABC: bear – bore – born begin – began – begun
bite – bit – bitten blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken do – did – done
draw – drew – drawn drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen fly – flew – flown
forbid – forbade – forbidden forgive – forgave – forgiven
give – gave – given forget – forgot – forgotten
freeze – froze – frozen go – went – gone
grow – grew – grown know – knew – known
lie – lay – lain ride – rode – ridden
ring – rang – rung rise – rose – risen
see – saw – seen shake – shook – shaken
sing – sang – sung sink – sank – sunk
speak – spoke – spoken steal – stole – stolen
swear – swore – sworn swim – swam – swum
take – took – taken tear – tore – torn
throw – threw – thrown wake – woke – woken
wear – wore – worn write – wrote – written
六. 及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。這一點與中文差別較大。表達(dá)同樣的意思時，中文可以接賓語，而英文卻不行，需要更換另一個及物動詞，或接介詞。這種現(xiàn)象是很常見的。如：
arrive(vi.) / reach( vt. ): When did you reach the top of the mountain?
When did you arrive at the top of the mountain?
sit / seat : He is sitting in the sofa.
He seated himself in the sofa. / He is seated in the sofa.
lie / lay: He was lying in bed.
He laid himself in bed.
rise / raise: The prices keep rising.
I raised my voice but still couldn’t make myself heard.
listen / hear: I asked him to listen to me carefully.
Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
But I can’t hear anything.
look / see: We looked at each other and smiled.
Then I saw something strange.
此外，常用不及物動詞：come, go, run, walk, work, live, stay, sleep, travel, fight (against), think (of / about), speak (to)(speak English除外)，talk (to, with), happen, take place, break out, appear, agree (with), belong (to), insist (on), die, fail, succeed (in), knock (at), reply (to), rush, wait (for), worry (about)
七. 后接賓語的形式
在及物動詞中，有些后面要求接不定式作賓語，有些要求接動詞的 –ing 形式。要分類記憶。
v. + to do
1. wish to do 2. hope to do
3. promise to do 4. decide to do
5. refuse to do 6. agree to do
7. expect to do 8. manage to do
9. fail to do 10. prefer to do
11. plan to do 12. want to do
13. ought to do 14. have to do
15. used to do/be used to do 16. seem to do
17. would like to do 18. in order to do
19. so as to do 20. set out to do
21. make up one's mind to do 22. It takes sb. some time to do
23. be going to do 24. be about to do
25. happen to do 26. pretend to do/to have done/to be doing
27. be thought/believed /said /reported to do 28. have no choice but to do
v. + doing
1. enjoy doing 2. risk doing
3. avoid doing 4. keep doing
5. practise doing
6. suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb. (should) do
7. miss doing 8. finish doing
9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing
11. resist doing 12. consider doing
13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do
14. imagine doing 15. deny doing
八. 瞬時動詞
有些動作瞬間發(fā)生，不能延續(xù)。如：die, begin, start, join, enter, arrive, borrow, lend, buy, marry等等。
I have arrived in Beijing for two days.（×）
I have been in Beijing for two days. （√）
How long may I borrow the book? （×）
How long may I keep the book? （√）
They have married for ten years. （×）
They have been married for ten years. （√）
The film has begun for ten minutes.（×）
The film has been on for ten minutes. （√）
How long have you bought the TV set? （×）
How long have you had the TV set? （√）
The writer has died for 2 years. （×）
The writer has been dead for 2 years. （√）
以take為例：
I. 基本意思為：“拿走﹑帶走 ”。還有“花時間﹑占據(jù)﹑乘交通工具”等多種意義。不規(guī)則動詞，過去式是took, 過去分詞為taken。
1. Don’t forget to ~ your raincoat with you when you go out. （帶走）
2. He was taken away by the police. （被動）
3. I’m sorry I took your bicycle by mistake. （拿）
4. It took us three hours to do the operation. （花時間）
5. If you ~ my advice, you’ll have no trouble doing it. （采納）
6. Don’t ~ everything in the newspaper for granted. （認(rèn)為）
7. I like the red blouse. I’ll ~ it. （買）
8. When are you taking your driving test?（參加）
9. Why not ~ a taxi? （乘）
10. Take the medicine three times a day. （服藥）
11. 與某些名詞連用，表示這個動作。
take a look = to look take a rest / (take a break) = to rest
take a walk take a risk take a shower take a deep breath
take advantage of
II. 常見搭配
take notes take one’s temperature take care (of)
take part (in) take an interest in take photos (of)
take a seat take something as an example
III. 常見的短語動詞
1. take away: All his belongings have been taken away from him.
2. take back: I take back what I said.
3. take off: In spite of the bad weather, the plane took off on time.
Mum asked me to take off my shoes.
I went to an exhibition, so I took a few days off.
4. take on : The old city has taken on a new look.
5. take out: He took out a newspaper and began to read.
英語寫作專題訓(xùn)練——過渡詞
一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
英語寫作專題訓(xùn)練——過渡詞
眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地表達(dá)中心思想。而過渡詞（Transitional Words）是連接這些部分的紐帶。
過渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，一般由副詞或起副詞作用的短語承擔(dān)。此外，代詞、連詞、上下文的近義詞等也可作過渡詞。過渡詞能使文章啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合，融會貫通，連成一體。
一、過渡詞的分類
1. 根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過渡詞可以分為以下十五類：
（1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞:
and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor
（2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡詞:
besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse
（3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對比的過渡詞：
but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others
（4）表原因的過渡詞:
because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）
（5）表結(jié)果的過渡詞:
so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that
（6）表條件的過渡詞:
if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as
（7）表時間的過渡詞:
when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment
（8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞:
first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同時）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）
（9）表換一種方式表達(dá)的過渡詞:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way
（10）表進(jìn)行舉例說明的過渡詞:
for instance, for example, like, such as
（11）表陳述事實的過渡詞:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
（12）表強調(diào)的過渡詞:
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously
（13）表比較的過渡詞：
like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to
（14）表目的的過渡詞：
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to
（15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞:
in a word(總之，簡言之), in general, in short(總之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary
2. 文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系主要由過渡詞來完成，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合。“啟”就是開頭, “承”是承接，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。
（1）用于“啟”的過渡詞語 用于表示“啟”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落或文章的開頭：
first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,
It is often said that…,
As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…,
It is clear/obvious that…,
Many people often ask …
（2）用于“承”的過渡詞語 表示“承”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落中的第一個擴展句中：
second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，
It is true that…,
Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…,
No one can deny that…
The reason why …is that …,
There is no doubt that…,
To take…for an example (instance) …,
We know that…,
What is more serious is that…
（3）用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語 用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落中的第二個擴展句中：
but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(無論如何), nevertheless(雖然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead,
I do not believe that…,
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,
Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
That’s why I feel that…
（4）用于“合”的過渡詞語 用于“合”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句通常用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中：
in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(畢竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(總之), on the whole(就整體而言), to sum up
From this point of view …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
二、過渡詞的應(yīng)用
有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過多簡單句，成了簡單句堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時，動輒用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞,不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。例如：
1. 學(xué)生習(xí)作
TV and website
TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.
They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.
Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.
這段文字用簡單句表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用過渡詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
修改后的文章：
TV and website
Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.
However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.
修改后的文章用過渡詞來銜接上下段
第一段第一句為：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.
第二段第一句為：However, they are different in many ways.
第三段第一句為：In a word, every medium has its own features…
這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句，在每個主題句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地銜接起來。
如果在文章中再恰當(dāng)使用其他的過渡詞，會使文章增色很多。（見上文）
我們常常遇到這樣的作文題目，如：發(fā)展私人轎車的利與弊、科學(xué)發(fā)明的利與弊、網(wǎng)上購物的利與弊。這些題目常常是談?wù)撘粋€事物的兩個方面，這時只要使用表示轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡詞就能很好地連接上下段。
As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We don’t have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time.
However, online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. What’s worse, we can not see the things in detail.
Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.
2. 2005年高考作文題
我們主要看一下今年的高考作文題中過渡詞的使用:
2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（1）
英 語
第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）
假定你是李華，正在英國牛津參加短期語言培訓(xùn)，計劃星期天去倫敦旅游?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上一則廣告引起了你的注意，但一些具體信息不明確（箭頭所指內(nèi)容）。請給該旅行社發(fā)一封電子郵件，詢問有關(guān)情況。
注意：
1. 詞數(shù)100左右，信的格式已為你寫好。
2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
3. 參考詞匯：牛津——Oxford 費用——fee
Dear Sir/Madame,
______________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Possible version:
Dear Sir/Madame,
I’m writing for more information about the day tour to London.
As a student at Oxford University, I’d like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food?
How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, I’d like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.
Yours, Li Hua
2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試
英 語（北京卷）
第四部分：書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，35分）
第一節(jié) 情景作文（20分）
美國中學(xué)生Jeff將要來你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文，經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華，請給Jeff寫一封信，按照下圖順序介紹他來中國后的生活安排。
注意：
1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。
2. 詞數(shù)不少于60。
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
Possible version:
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. It’ll be a lot of fun.
If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
第二節(jié) 開放作文（15分）
請根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。
In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings.
Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page.
請將開放作文寫在右側(cè)橫線內(nèi)
One possible version:
We can see in the picture a little boy standing in front of a mirror. He’s letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.
2005年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（3）
英 語
第三節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分30分）
假設(shè)你是李華，近國內(nèi)一家英文報紙正在討論北京動物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級討論的情況。請你給該報寫一封信，反映討論結(jié)果。
贊成遷出： 反對遷出：
1. 游客多，交通堵塞
2. 郊區(qū)環(huán)境好 1. 建于1906年，中外聞名
2. 搬遷易造成動物死亡
注意：
1. 詞數(shù)100字左右，信的開頭已為你寫好。
2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
3. 參考詞匯：郊區(qū)—suburb
June 3 ,2005
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city.
June 3 ,2005
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well –known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .What’s more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.
Yours truly,
Li Hua