閱讀
Question 1-8
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation,manufacturing,and trade and distribution.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume,and regularity of shipments and communications,making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.
In agriculture,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators,the cotton presses,the warehouses,and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them.In manufacturing,the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system"in which plants became larger,more complex,and more systematically organized and managed.And in distribution,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber,the wholesaler,and the mass retailer.These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870and 1920.
To be sure,there were still small workshops,where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.There were the sweatshops in city tenements,where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis.And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings.But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7million in 1880to 4.5million in 1900to 8.4million in 1920,the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned,as did the size of the average plant.(The Baldwin Works had 600employees in 1855,3,000in 1875,and 8,000in 1900.)By 1920,at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated,three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100employees and 30percent worked in factories with more than 1,000employees.
1.The word "domains"in line 3is closest in meaning to(A)fields
(B)locations
(C)organizations
(D)occupations
2.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A)New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B)The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C)Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D)Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
3.The word "fundamental"in line 7is closest in meaning to
(A)possible
(B)basic
(C)gradual
(D)unique
4.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new factory system?"
(A)A change in the organization of factories.
(B)A growth in the complexity of factories.
(C)An increase in the size of factories.
(D)An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.
5.Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870can be inferred from the passage?
(A)Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.
(B)Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.
(C)The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.
(D)Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy.
6.The word "skilled"in line 16is closest in meaning to
(A)hardworking
(B)expert
(C)well-paid
(D)industrial
7.The word "presided over"in line 20are closest in meaning to
(A)managed
(B)led to
(C)worked in
(D)produced
8.The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24because it was
(A)a well-known metal-works
(B)the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia
(C)typical of the large factories that were becoming more common
(D)typical of factories that consisted of a single building
Question 9-19
Stars may be spheres,but not every celestial object is spherical.Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes:round planets (some with rings),tailed comets,wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds,ringed nebulae,pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,and so on.But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.These are the double radio sources,galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission that dwarf the visible galaxies,sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more.Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years,these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds,typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy (when it is visible)in the center.
These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle.Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process,in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields.However,in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy,they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and cease producing radiation.Somehow new electrons must be continually accelerated to nearly the speed of light,otherwise,by now almost none of the double radio sources would be observed.
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's,part of the answer became clear:the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the center of galaxy.Remarkably narrow and highly directional,the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light.When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permcales intergalactic space,the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.
Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from.Why should a galaxy eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets?And why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way?
9.The word "celestial"in line 1could best be replaced by(A)visible
(B)astronomical
(C)glowing
(D)scientific
10.The word "entities"in line 4is closest in meaning to
(A)factors
(B)processes
(C)objects
(D)puzzles
11.In the first paragraph,the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their
(A)color
(B)origin
(C)location
(D)shape
12.Which of the following is the best representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the first paragraph?
(A)（圖）
(B)（圖）
(C)（圖）
(D)（圖）
13.According to the passage,scientists do not fully understand why double radio sources(A)have not eventually disappeared
(B)cannot be observed with a telescope
(C)are beginning to slow down
(D)are not as big as some planets and stars
14.The word "their"in line 22refers to
(A)speeds
(B)directions
(C)electrons
(D)clouds
15.According to the passage,what happens when electrons and gas collide in space?
(A)The gas becomes more condensed
(B)The gas becomes less radiated
(C)The electrons disperse
(D)The electrons become negatively charged
16.The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be
(A)an obsolete scientific field
(B)an unprofitable venture
(C)an intriguing challenge
(D)a subjective debate
17.In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other galaxies?
(A)Lines 4-6
(B)Lines 12-14
(C)Lines 19-20
(D)Lines 23-24
18.Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of double radio sources?
(A)Line 2
(B)Line 7
(C)Line 17
(D)Line 21
19.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
(A)specific double radio sources
(B)an explanation of the synchrotron process
(C)possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets
(D)the discovery of the first double radio sources.
Questions 20-28
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one,and in fact,in 1776sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations,while others caved wooden shop signs and ships'figureheads.Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style,they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors"in today's use of the word.
On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired,Americans turned to foreign sculptors,as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston,South Carolina,commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770and torn down by zealous patriots six years later.A few marble memorials with carved busts,urns,or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches-as in King's Chapel in Boston.But sculpture as a high art,practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling,casting,and carving rich three-dimensional forms,was not known among Americans in 1776.Indeed,for many years thereafter,the United States had two groups from which to choose -either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.
The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed.Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans -originally trained as stonemasons,carpenters,or cabinetmakers -attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
(A)There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.
(B)Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.
(C)Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.
(D)American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.
21.The word "motifs"in line 3is closest in meaning to
(A)tools
(B)prints
(C)signatures
(D)designs
22.The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?
(A)European sculptors
(B)Carpenters
(C)Stone carves
(D)Cabinetmakers
23.The word "other"in line 6refers to
(A)craftspeople
(B)decorations
(C)ornamentations
(D)shop signs
24.The word "distinct"in line 9is closest in meaning to
(A)separate
(B)assembled
(C)notable
(D)inferior
25.The word "rare"in line 11is closest in meaning to
(A)festive
(B)infrequent
(C)delightful
(D)unexpected
26.Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?
(A)He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.
(B)He was well known for his wood carvings
(C)He produced sculpture for churches.
(D)He settled in the United States in 1776.
27.What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?
(A)Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import
(B)Such sculpture was not available in the United States.
(C)Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.
(D)The materials found abroad were superior.
28.How did the work of American carvers in 1776differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A)It was less time-consuming
(B)It was more dangerous.
(C)It was more expensive.
(D)It was less refined.
Question 1-8
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation,manufacturing,and trade and distribution.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume,and regularity of shipments and communications,making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.
In agriculture,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators,the cotton presses,the warehouses,and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them.In manufacturing,the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system"in which plants became larger,more complex,and more systematically organized and managed.And in distribution,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber,the wholesaler,and the mass retailer.These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870and 1920.
To be sure,there were still small workshops,where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures.There were the sweatshops in city tenements,where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis.And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings.But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7million in 1880to 4.5million in 1900to 8.4million in 1920,the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned,as did the size of the average plant.(The Baldwin Works had 600employees in 1855,3,000in 1875,and 8,000in 1900.)By 1920,at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated,three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100employees and 30percent worked in factories with more than 1,000employees.
1.The word "domains"in line 3is closest in meaning to(A)fields
(B)locations
(C)organizations
(D)occupations
2.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A)New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B)The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C)Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D)Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
3.The word "fundamental"in line 7is closest in meaning to
(A)possible
(B)basic
(C)gradual
(D)unique
4.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new factory system?"
(A)A change in the organization of factories.
(B)A growth in the complexity of factories.
(C)An increase in the size of factories.
(D)An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.
5.Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870can be inferred from the passage?
(A)Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.
(B)Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.
(C)The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.
(D)Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy.
6.The word "skilled"in line 16is closest in meaning to
(A)hardworking
(B)expert
(C)well-paid
(D)industrial
7.The word "presided over"in line 20are closest in meaning to
(A)managed
(B)led to
(C)worked in
(D)produced
8.The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24because it was
(A)a well-known metal-works
(B)the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia
(C)typical of the large factories that were becoming more common
(D)typical of factories that consisted of a single building
Question 9-19
Stars may be spheres,but not every celestial object is spherical.Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes:round planets (some with rings),tailed comets,wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds,ringed nebulae,pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,and so on.But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.These are the double radio sources,galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission that dwarf the visible galaxies,sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more.Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years,these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent gas clouds,typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the visible galaxy (when it is visible)in the center.
These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle.Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron process,in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light move through magnetic fields.However,in view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy,they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons slow down and cease producing radiation.Somehow new electrons must be continually accelerated to nearly the speed of light,otherwise,by now almost none of the double radio sources would be observed.
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's,part of the answer became clear:the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite directions from the center of galaxy.Remarkably narrow and highly directional,the jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light.When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permcales intergalactic space,the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.
Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from.Why should a galaxy eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets?And why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way?
9.The word "celestial"in line 1could best be replaced by(A)visible
(B)astronomical
(C)glowing
(D)scientific
10.The word "entities"in line 4is closest in meaning to
(A)factors
(B)processes
(C)objects
(D)puzzles
11.In the first paragraph,the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their
(A)color
(B)origin
(C)location
(D)shape
12.Which of the following is the best representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the first paragraph?
(A)（圖）
(B)（圖）
(C)（圖）
(D)（圖）
13.According to the passage,scientists do not fully understand why double radio sources(A)have not eventually disappeared
(B)cannot be observed with a telescope
(C)are beginning to slow down
(D)are not as big as some planets and stars
14.The word "their"in line 22refers to
(A)speeds
(B)directions
(C)electrons
(D)clouds
15.According to the passage,what happens when electrons and gas collide in space?
(A)The gas becomes more condensed
(B)The gas becomes less radiated
(C)The electrons disperse
(D)The electrons become negatively charged
16.The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be
(A)an obsolete scientific field
(B)an unprofitable venture
(C)an intriguing challenge
(D)a subjective debate
17.In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other galaxies?
(A)Lines 4-6
(B)Lines 12-14
(C)Lines 19-20
(D)Lines 23-24
18.Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of double radio sources?
(A)Line 2
(B)Line 7
(C)Line 17
(D)Line 21
19.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
(A)specific double radio sources
(B)an explanation of the synchrotron process
(C)possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets
(D)the discovery of the first double radio sources.
Questions 20-28
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one,and in fact,in 1776sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations,while others caved wooden shop signs and ships'figureheads.Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style,they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors"in today's use of the word.
On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired,Americans turned to foreign sculptors,as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston,South Carolina,commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770and torn down by zealous patriots six years later.A few marble memorials with carved busts,urns,or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches-as in King's Chapel in Boston.But sculpture as a high art,practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling,casting,and carving rich three-dimensional forms,was not known among Americans in 1776.Indeed,for many years thereafter,the United States had two groups from which to choose -either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.
The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed.Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans -originally trained as stonemasons,carpenters,or cabinetmakers -attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
(A)There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.
(B)Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.
(C)Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.
(D)American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.
21.The word "motifs"in line 3is closest in meaning to
(A)tools
(B)prints
(C)signatures
(D)designs
22.The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?
(A)European sculptors
(B)Carpenters
(C)Stone carves
(D)Cabinetmakers
23.The word "other"in line 6refers to
(A)craftspeople
(B)decorations
(C)ornamentations
(D)shop signs
24.The word "distinct"in line 9is closest in meaning to
(A)separate
(B)assembled
(C)notable
(D)inferior
25.The word "rare"in line 11is closest in meaning to
(A)festive
(B)infrequent
(C)delightful
(D)unexpected
26.Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?
(A)He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.
(B)He was well known for his wood carvings
(C)He produced sculpture for churches.
(D)He settled in the United States in 1776.
27.What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?
(A)Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import
(B)Such sculpture was not available in the United States.
(C)Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.
(D)The materials found abroad were superior.
28.How did the work of American carvers in 1776differ from that of contemporary sculptors?
(A)It was less time-consuming
(B)It was more dangerous.
(C)It was more expensive.
(D)It was less refined.