（13）過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”
2 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成
3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本句型
肯定式
否定式
疑問(wèn)式
簡(jiǎn)略回答
I had worked
I had not worked
Had I worked？
Yes，I had. No，I hadn't.
He/She/It had worked
He /She/It had not worked
Had he/she/it worked？
Yes，he/she/it had.
No，he/she/it hadn't.
We had worked
We had not worked
Had we worked？
Yes，we had.
No，we hadn't.
You had worked
You had not worked
Had you worked？
Yes，you had.
No，you hadn't.
They had worked
They had not worked
Had they worked？
Yes，they had.
No，they hadn't.
4 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法
（1）表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示，還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如：
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。
（2）表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車(chē)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我在車(chē)站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。
（3）敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后，反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
（4）在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
（5）過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句（或間接引語(yǔ)）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when，until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。例如：
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。
注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。
（7）動(dòng)詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來(lái)打算去幫忙，但沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
（8）過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，It was the first （second，etc） time （that）…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
1.歷史事實(shí)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以代替一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示驚奇，如：
I saw her coming，but in a minute，she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret，but a few days later，everyone had known it.
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示對(duì)后來(lái)動(dòng)作的影響，對(duì)比下面兩組句子：
A） He had eaten something before taking dinner. （So he had no appetite at dinner.）
B） He ate something before taking dinner. （He might have his usual appetite at dinner.）
A） She felt better after she had taken a few days'rest. （Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'rest.）
B） She felt better after she took a few days'rest. （Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days's rest.）
單項(xiàng)選擇
1.By the time he was twelve，Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left； had arrived B. left； arrived C. had left； had arrived D. had left； arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ——How long _______ each other before they ______ married？ ——For about a year.
A. have they known； get B. did they know； were going to get
C. do they know； are going to get D. had they known； got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her hu**and _______ home.
A. has left； comes B. left； had come C. had left； came D. had left； would come
下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時(shí)態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school，she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home，the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn't see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn't go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing，but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1，500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.
1 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”
2 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成
3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本句型
肯定式
否定式
疑問(wèn)式
簡(jiǎn)略回答
I had worked
I had not worked
Had I worked？
Yes，I had. No，I hadn't.
He/She/It had worked
He /She/It had not worked
Had he/she/it worked？
Yes，he/she/it had.
No，he/she/it hadn't.
We had worked
We had not worked
Had we worked？
Yes，we had.
No，we hadn't.
You had worked
You had not worked
Had you worked？
Yes，you had.
No，you hadn't.
They had worked
They had not worked
Had they worked？
Yes，they had.
No，they hadn't.
4 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法
（1）表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示，還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如：
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。
（2）表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車(chē)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我在車(chē)站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。
（3）敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后，反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
（4）在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書(shū)。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
（5）過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句（或間接引語(yǔ)）中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when，until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。例如：
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。
注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。
（7）動(dòng)詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來(lái)打算去幫忙，但沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
（8）過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，It was the first （second，etc） time （that）…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
1.歷史事實(shí)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以代替一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示驚奇，如：
I saw her coming，but in a minute，she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret，but a few days later，everyone had known it.
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示對(duì)后來(lái)動(dòng)作的影響，對(duì)比下面兩組句子：
A） He had eaten something before taking dinner. （So he had no appetite at dinner.）
B） He ate something before taking dinner. （He might have his usual appetite at dinner.）
A） She felt better after she had taken a few days'rest. （Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'rest.）
B） She felt better after she took a few days'rest. （Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days's rest.）
單項(xiàng)選擇
1.By the time he was twelve，Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left； had arrived B. left； arrived C. had left； had arrived D. had left； arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ——How long _______ each other before they ______ married？ ——For about a year.
A. have they known； get B. did they know； were going to get
C. do they know； are going to get D. had they known； got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her hu**and _______ home.
A. has left； comes B. left； had come C. had left； came D. had left； would come
下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時(shí)態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school，she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home，the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn't see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn't go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing，but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1，500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.