Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一個(gè)省略that或which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”
to seek to do sth. 追求，爭(zhēng)取，尋求，設(shè)法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引導(dǎo)了原因狀語(yǔ)從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句。
18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾decisions
less than 在此做狀語(yǔ)，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾trade-off “權(quán)衡”
increases 和 decreases 是定語(yǔ)從句的并列謂語(yǔ)
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （稅收的） 比例因人而異。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面對(duì)
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件，有時(shí)常在分詞前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等連詞作時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 （詳見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取決于
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
對(duì)于多項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
兩個(gè)about都是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾前邊的名詞
不同人關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益可接受程度的價(jià)值觀，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)于決策正確性的不同意見(jiàn)。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 認(rèn)為，假定，設(shè)想 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一個(gè)省略that或which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”
to seek to do sth. 追求，爭(zhēng)取，尋求，設(shè)法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引導(dǎo)了原因狀語(yǔ)從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句。
18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾decisions
less than 在此做狀語(yǔ)，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾trade-off “權(quán)衡”
increases 和 decreases 是定語(yǔ)從句的并列謂語(yǔ)
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （稅收的） 比例因人而異。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面對(duì)
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件，有時(shí)常在分詞前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等連詞作時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 （詳見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取決于
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
對(duì)于多項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
兩個(gè)about都是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾前邊的名詞
不同人關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益可接受程度的價(jià)值觀，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)于決策正確性的不同意見(jiàn)。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 認(rèn)為，假定，設(shè)想 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句