【成考英語】成人高考高起點英語復(fù)習(xí)筆記一

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第一章 名 詞
    1.名詞的數(shù)
    A、常見的不可數(shù)名詞
    1.Fluids(流體):
    air空氣, smoke煙, water水, oil油, ink墨木, juice果汁,
    rain雨水, tea茶, coffee咖啡, wine酒,beer啤酒
    2.Substances(物質(zhì)):
    paper紙, glass玻璃,wood木頭,iron鐵, chalk粉筆,
    fruit水果,meat肉, beef牛肉, mutton羊肉,chicken雞肉,
    sugar糖, salt鹽, rice米, sand沙子, dust灰塵,
    gold黃金
    3.Abstracts(抽象名詞):
    health健康, wealth財富, honesty誠實, friendship友誼,
    wisdom智慧, attention注意力,luck運氣, progress進(jìn)步,
    work工作, room空間, news新聞, information消息,
    love愛, trouble 麻煩, happiness幸福, silence寂靜
    4.Subjects(學(xué)科):
    physics物理, chemistry化學(xué), mathematics數(shù)學(xué),history歷史,
    geography地理, English英語, biology生物, music音樂
    B. 、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
    1.直接在詞尾加-s,如 desks, maps, cats, pens cars, farms
    2.以-s, -x, -ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞加-es :glasses, classes, buses, boxes, foxes, watches, matches, brushes, dishes(例外:stomachs 胃)
    3.以-O 結(jié)尾的詞:
    Negroes, heres, potatoes, tomatoes(有生命的名詞加-es);
    photos, pianos, kilos, radios, zoos studios(無生命的名詞加-es)
    4.輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的,把y 變?yōu)閕再加es :
    city-cities, story-stories, baby-babies, dictionary-dictionaries,
    factory- factories, fly- flies, diary-diaries
    但是,元音字母+y——直接+s toy——toys
    5.以 -f, -fe結(jié)尾的單詞,去掉f,-fe 再加 ves:
    knife-knives, wife-wives, life-lives, wolf-wolves,
    thief-thieves, leaf-leaves
    例外:roof-roofs屋頂, belief-beliefs信仰, gulf-gulfs海灣
    safe-safes, handkerchief-handker chiefs手帕
    6.特殊變化:
    man-men woman→woman
    child→children, tooth→teeth,
    goose→geese鵝 foot→feet,
    mouse→mice, looker-on→lookers-on 旁觀者
    passer-by→passers-by過路人,
    editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief總編輯,
    man-doctor→men doctors,
    woman-doctor→women doctors;
    fish, deer, Chinese, sheep單復(fù)數(shù)同形。
    C、 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞
    1.下列名詞,只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,只能接復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞:
    clothes衣服, fireworks煙火, wages工資, thanks謝意,
    remains殘留物,sweets糖果
    2.由相同兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞,只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,只能接復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞:
    scissors剪刀, glasses眼鏡, trousers褲子,shoes鞋,
    socks襪, gloves手套
    這些名詞如表示數(shù)量,要以 pair為單位,如:
    a pair of shoes一雙鞋 two pairs of shoes 兩雙鞋
    a pair of glasses一副眼鏡 two pairs of glasses兩副眼鏡