托福閱讀經(jīng)典加試二: 蘇美爾文明
版本一
Mesopotamia 的背景：美索不達(dá)米亞亞洲西南部 Tigris['taigris]底格里斯河和 Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z] 幼發(fā)拉底河 兩河流域間的古王國,美索不達(dá)米亞古代西南亞介于底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河之間的一個地區(qū)，位于現(xiàn)在的伊拉克境內(nèi)。可能在公元前 5000 年以前就開始有人在此定居。這一地區(qū)孕育了眾多的人類早期文明，其中包括蘇美爾文明、阿卡德文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明。蒙古侵略者在 公元 1258年破壞了該地區(qū)發(fā)達(dá)的灌溉系統(tǒng)之后，這一地區(qū)的重要性就此減小。其中巴比倫Babylon 文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國與古埃及、古印度和中國構(gòu)成了人們所說的世界四大文明古國。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河（Nile）流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前 4000 年。公元前 3100 年左右，上埃及國王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時期，也就代表了古埃及文明的
正式開始。
美索布達(dá)米婭文化 Sumerian civilization
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。 （有題）平原，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開頭，it is astonishing that...兩個地方在同一時間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個是兩河流域的 M 地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地 narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障
第二段：直到一種 S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種 s文化
第三段：S 文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對 S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過這些推知?dú)v史。后來又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個城市有一個 local god, god無比神圣擁有一切， 代表本城在她的 fellow 中議事。 （有題）社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此
有關(guān)。
Mesopotamia culture一種 civilization（文明社會）
還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河 civilization 和 Egypt civilization（埃及社會）的。他們同時存在，有交流，
但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt 的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個 united under 一個聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在 united format 聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有 tangible substance （確實(shí)的物質(zhì)）留下來，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure（建筑結(jié)構(gòu)） 與Egypt不一樣，對他們文字的研究也是通過發(fā)掘fragment（碎片）的方法研究的。還講了兩河的 local lord（封建地主）,這人不是 fiction 的，他對他那個 city state 具有很大的 influence，文中講到的是 economic aspect（經(jīng)濟(jì)方面）同時，他傳話通過一個叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia 的culture，和Egypt的文化對比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r發(fā)展起來的文化（考：Mesopotamia 文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化）然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)： 建筑物沒有Egypt的牢固，文化沒有文字記載等。好像有個考題：locationof Ur。）
下面涂黑的是答案：
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人關(guān)于從今以后的擔(dān)憂 為了。。。
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.為相對少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會物理遺跡提供一個解釋
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城（烏爾城）位于
(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的交匯處
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian
civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
根據(jù) 2、3、段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved. 文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性得不到
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r候同競爭的
城邦的神作戰(zhàn)
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
（1）政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間 （2）有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
（1） 城邦city-state國家是一個特色（2）從文件中所記載（3）這一個文明受到外部侵略
答案
1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g
版本二
1
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.
1. The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather thanwith stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures.
9. Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like.
Where would the sentence best fit?
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not a mere pious fiction”?
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited
12. In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-stat to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local god of rival city-states.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION 答案
1. astonishing = amazing
2. sentence simplification =
A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,50 and 3,000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
3. its substance refers to - the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
4. obscure = unclear
5. 原文提到 the ancient Sumerians did not “share the Egyptian’s concern with the afterlife 〞之reason原因= to provide one explanation for the relatively few physicaremains of ancient Sumerian society
6. the “city of Ur”位置= near the confluence of Tigris anEuphrates rivers.
7. vast = very large
8. EXCEPT問題= continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not bachieved.
9.不是宗教事 簡單的證據(jù)= the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
10. considerable= substantial
11. EXCEPT問題= The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.
12. insertion問題=第 4個方塊
13. fill in a table問題= Ancient Egyptian Civilization
]政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間
]有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
]城邦國家是一個特色
]從文件中所記載
]這一個文明受到外部的侵略
版本一
Mesopotamia 的背景：美索不達(dá)米亞亞洲西南部 Tigris['taigris]底格里斯河和 Euphrates[ju:'freiti:z] 幼發(fā)拉底河 兩河流域間的古王國,美索不達(dá)米亞古代西南亞介于底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河之間的一個地區(qū)，位于現(xiàn)在的伊拉克境內(nèi)。可能在公元前 5000 年以前就開始有人在此定居。這一地區(qū)孕育了眾多的人類早期文明，其中包括蘇美爾文明、阿卡德文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明。蒙古侵略者在 公元 1258年破壞了該地區(qū)發(fā)達(dá)的灌溉系統(tǒng)之后，這一地區(qū)的重要性就此減小。其中巴比倫Babylon 文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國與古埃及、古印度和中國構(gòu)成了人們所說的世界四大文明古國。
尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河（Nile）流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前 4000 年。公元前 3100 年左右，上埃及國王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時期，也就代表了古埃及文明的
正式開始。
美索布達(dá)米婭文化 Sumerian civilization
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。 （有題）平原，經(jīng)常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不統(tǒng)一。開頭，it is astonishing that...兩個地方在同一時間產(chǎn)生了兩種文化，并且互有交流。一個是尼羅河的埃及文化，一個是兩河流域的 M 地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼羅河，河水孕育了富饒的土地，兩岸有沙漠作為自然屏障。M地不一樣，河水土地 narrow and shallow,周圍沒有起保護(hù)作用的天然屏障
第二段：直到一種 S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種 s文化
第三段：S 文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對 S的了解主要基于文字。當(dāng)初美索不達(dá)米亞的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直沒有人提出統(tǒng)一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花費(fèi)在戰(zhàn)爭上什么的，很快就覆滅了。由于當(dāng)時的環(huán)境條件，那里的人們都用泥土/木頭蓋房子，所以和埃及不一樣，現(xiàn)在我們沒找到什么當(dāng)初留下的建筑物。 我們現(xiàn)在還挖出了許多陶器石板，上面刻著文字，只能通過這些推知?dú)v史。后來又變成什么蘇美爾了，這是從外面遷徙過來的民族。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個城市有一個 local god, god無比神圣擁有一切， 代表本城在她的 fellow 中議事。 （有題）社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此
有關(guān)。
Mesopotamia culture一種 civilization（文明社會）
還和埃及比較了一下。關(guān)于兩河 civilization 和 Egypt civilization（埃及社會）的。他們同時存在，有交流，
但沒有一方壓倒另一方。Egypt 的體制根兩河的政治體制不一樣，一個 united under 一個聯(lián)合體制下，另外一個則由于地理?xiàng)l件的制約不存在 united format 聯(lián)合體制。另外兩河的文明很少有 tangible substance （確實(shí)的物質(zhì)）留下來，因?yàn)樗麄兊腶rchitecture structure（建筑結(jié)構(gòu)） 與Egypt不一樣，對他們文字的研究也是通過發(fā)掘fragment（碎片）的方法研究的。還講了兩河的 local lord（封建地主）,這人不是 fiction 的，他對他那個 city state 具有很大的 influence，文中講到的是 economic aspect（經(jīng)濟(jì)方面）同時，他傳話通過一個叫做人君的人傳話。講Mesopotamia 的culture，和Egypt的文化對比。因?yàn)閮烧呤莾珊恿饔虻耐瑫r發(fā)展起來的文化（考：Mesopotamia 文化是獨(dú)立于independence Egypt的文化）然后講述Mesopotamia culture的特點(diǎn)： 建筑物沒有Egypt的牢固，文化沒有文字記載等。好像有個考題：locationof Ur。）
下面涂黑的是答案：
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting
2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia古代美索不達(dá)米亞政治的歷史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to作者提到 也不分享埃及人關(guān)于從今以后的擔(dān)憂 為了。。。
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.為相對少的關(guān)于古代蘇美爾社會物理遺跡提供一個解釋
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城（烏爾城）位于
(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的交匯處
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian
civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
根據(jù) 2、3、段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved. 文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性得不到
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 選第四方塊
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ)
11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.
12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r候同競爭的
城邦的神作戰(zhàn)
13，fill in a table問題
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
（1）政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間 （2）有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
（1） 城邦city-state國家是一個特色（2）從文件中所記載（3）這一個文明受到外部侵略
答案
1.c, 2.c, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.d 12.d 13.a, f / c, d, g
版本二
1
It is an astonishing fact that human civilization should have emerged into the light of history in two separate places at just about the same time. Between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C. when Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, another great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers.” And for close to three thousand years, the two rival centers retained their distinct characters, even though they had contact with each other from their earliest beginnings, and their destinies were interwoven in many ways. The pressure that forced the inhabitants of both regions to abandon the pattern of Neolithic village life may well have been the same. But the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, unlike that of the Nile, is not a narrow fertile strip protected by desert on either side. It resembles a wide, shallow trough with few natural defenses, crisscrossed by two great rivers and their tributaries, and is easily encroached upon from any direction.
1. The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important
(B) unknown
(C) amazing
(D) interesting
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “l(fā)and between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear
(B) unique
(C) controversial
(D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society.
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather thanwith stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in
(A) Egypt
(B) Persia
(C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random
(B) very large
(C) surprising
(D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures.
9. Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like.
Where would the sentence best fit?
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not a mere pious fiction”?
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial
(B) fixed
(C) valuable
(D) limited
12. In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-stat to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local god of rival city-states.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION 答案
1. astonishing = amazing
2. sentence simplification =
A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,50 and 3,000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.
3. its substance refers to - the political history of ancient Mesopotamia
4. obscure = unclear
5. 原文提到 the ancient Sumerians did not “share the Egyptian’s concern with the afterlife 〞之reason原因= to provide one explanation for the relatively few physicaremains of ancient Sumerian society
6. the “city of Ur”位置= near the confluence of Tigris anEuphrates rivers.
7. vast = very large
8. EXCEPT問題= continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not bachieved.
9.不是宗教事 簡單的證據(jù)= the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.
10. considerable= substantial
11. EXCEPT問題= The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.
12. insertion問題=第 4個方塊
13. fill in a table問題= Ancient Egyptian Civilization
]政治統(tǒng)一了很久時間
]有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址
Sumerian Civilization
]城邦國家是一個特色
]從文件中所記載
]這一個文明受到外部的侵略