伊朗伊斯蘭共和國，1935年以前稱為波斯，位于亞洲西南部，屬中東國家，伊朗中北部緊靠里海、南靠波斯灣和阿拉伯海。伊朗相鄰國家：東鄰巴基斯坦和阿富汗，東北部與土庫曼斯坦接壤，西北與阿塞拜疆和亞美尼亞為鄰，西界土耳其和伊拉克。
伊朗是具有四五千年歷史的文明古國，史稱波斯，有記載的歷史和文化始于公元前2700年，我國漢史稱安息。公元前2000年后出現(xiàn)印歐血統(tǒng)的伊朗人。公元前6世紀(jì)古波斯帝國阿契美尼德王朝曾盛極一時(shí)。該朝第三代國王大流士一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（前521—前485），帝國版圖東至阿姆河和印度河兩岸，西到尼羅河中下游，北至黑海、里海一帶，南達(dá)波斯灣。公元前330年古波斯帝國被馬其頓·亞歷山大所滅。后建立了安息、薩珊王朝。公元7—18世紀(jì)阿拉伯人、突厥人、蒙古人先后入侵。18世紀(jì)末，伊東北部的土庫曼人愷加部落統(tǒng)一了伊朗，建立了愷加王朝。19世紀(jì)初淪為英、俄的半殖民地。1921年禮薩·汗*愷加王朝，于1925年建立了巴列維王朝。1941年禮薩·汗被盟軍逐出伊朗，其子穆罕默德·禮薩·巴列維即位。1935年3月21日，改國名為伊朗。1978年爆發(fā)了反對(duì)國王的群眾運(yùn)動(dòng)，迫使巴列維國王于1979年1月16日流亡國外。同年2月，宗教領(lǐng)袖霍梅尼結(jié)束14年流亡生活從巴黎返回伊朗接管政權(quán)，4月1日宣布成立伊朗伊斯蘭共和國。1981年10月哈梅內(nèi)伊就任總統(tǒng)，穆薩維就任總理并受命組閣?；裘纺嶂鸩浇⑵鹫毯弦坏囊了固m體系。伊朗和伊拉克長期存在著邊界、教派和民族爭(zhēng)端。進(jìn)入80年代兩國關(guān)系惡化。1980年9月兩伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)。經(jīng)國際上多方調(diào)解于1988年8月宣布接受?；稹?989年6月3日霍梅尼病逝，專家會(huì)議于第二天推舉總統(tǒng)哈梅內(nèi)伊為新領(lǐng)袖。7月28日，議長拉夫桑賈尼當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。1993年6月11日，拉夫桑賈尼連任總統(tǒng)。1997年5月23日，哈塔米當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)，8月4日宣誓就職，2001年連選連任。
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2, Iran has a population of over 74 million. It is a country of particular geostrategic significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas.
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations. The first Iranian dynasty formed during the Elamite kingdom in 2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified Iran into an empire in 625 BC. They were succeeded by the Iranian Achaemenid Empire, the Hellenic Seleucid Empire and two subsequent Iranian empires, the Parthians and the Sassanids, before the Muslim conquest in 651 AD. Iranian post-Islamic dynasties and empires expanded the Persian language and culture throughout the Iranian plateau. Early Iranian dynasties which re-asserted Iranian independence included the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids and Buyids.
The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and art became major elements of Muslim civilization and started with the Saffarids and Samanids. Iranian identity continued despite foreign rule in the ensuing centuries and Persian culture was adopted also by the Ghaznavids, Seljuq, Ilkhanid and Timurid rulers. A turning point in Iran's was the emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty—who promoted Twelver Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. "Persia's Constitutional Revolution" established the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy. Iran officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979, following the Iranian Revolution.
Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader. Shia Islam is the official religion and Persian is the official language.
伊朗是具有四五千年歷史的文明古國，史稱波斯，有記載的歷史和文化始于公元前2700年，我國漢史稱安息。公元前2000年后出現(xiàn)印歐血統(tǒng)的伊朗人。公元前6世紀(jì)古波斯帝國阿契美尼德王朝曾盛極一時(shí)。該朝第三代國王大流士一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（前521—前485），帝國版圖東至阿姆河和印度河兩岸，西到尼羅河中下游，北至黑海、里海一帶，南達(dá)波斯灣。公元前330年古波斯帝國被馬其頓·亞歷山大所滅。后建立了安息、薩珊王朝。公元7—18世紀(jì)阿拉伯人、突厥人、蒙古人先后入侵。18世紀(jì)末，伊東北部的土庫曼人愷加部落統(tǒng)一了伊朗，建立了愷加王朝。19世紀(jì)初淪為英、俄的半殖民地。1921年禮薩·汗*愷加王朝，于1925年建立了巴列維王朝。1941年禮薩·汗被盟軍逐出伊朗，其子穆罕默德·禮薩·巴列維即位。1935年3月21日，改國名為伊朗。1978年爆發(fā)了反對(duì)國王的群眾運(yùn)動(dòng)，迫使巴列維國王于1979年1月16日流亡國外。同年2月，宗教領(lǐng)袖霍梅尼結(jié)束14年流亡生活從巴黎返回伊朗接管政權(quán)，4月1日宣布成立伊朗伊斯蘭共和國。1981年10月哈梅內(nèi)伊就任總統(tǒng)，穆薩維就任總理并受命組閣?；裘纺嶂鸩浇⑵鹫毯弦坏囊了固m體系。伊朗和伊拉克長期存在著邊界、教派和民族爭(zhēng)端。進(jìn)入80年代兩國關(guān)系惡化。1980年9月兩伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)。經(jīng)國際上多方調(diào)解于1988年8月宣布接受?；稹?989年6月3日霍梅尼病逝，專家會(huì)議于第二天推舉總統(tǒng)哈梅內(nèi)伊為新領(lǐng)袖。7月28日，議長拉夫桑賈尼當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。1993年6月11日，拉夫桑賈尼連任總統(tǒng)。1997年5月23日，哈塔米當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)，8月4日宣誓就職，2001年連選連任。
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2, Iran has a population of over 74 million. It is a country of particular geostrategic significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas.
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations. The first Iranian dynasty formed during the Elamite kingdom in 2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified Iran into an empire in 625 BC. They were succeeded by the Iranian Achaemenid Empire, the Hellenic Seleucid Empire and two subsequent Iranian empires, the Parthians and the Sassanids, before the Muslim conquest in 651 AD. Iranian post-Islamic dynasties and empires expanded the Persian language and culture throughout the Iranian plateau. Early Iranian dynasties which re-asserted Iranian independence included the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids and Buyids.
The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and art became major elements of Muslim civilization and started with the Saffarids and Samanids. Iranian identity continued despite foreign rule in the ensuing centuries and Persian culture was adopted also by the Ghaznavids, Seljuq, Ilkhanid and Timurid rulers. A turning point in Iran's was the emergence in 1501 of the Safavid dynasty—who promoted Twelver Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. "Persia's Constitutional Revolution" established the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy. Iran officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979, following the Iranian Revolution.
Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader. Shia Islam is the official religion and Persian is the official language.