2011成人英語三級考試輔導:高分語法

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2011成人英語三級考試輔導:高分語法
    定冠詞限定名詞時主要表示特指,針對TOEFL應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
    (1) the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示一類人或物,如:the fern(蕨類), the wallflower
    (2) 序數(shù)詞之前必須用the,如: the first woman, the nineteenth century
    但前面有物主代詞時除外,如 my first baby
    (3) 形容詞高級之前必須用the(有物主代詞時除外),如: the largest city, the most advanced technology
    (4) of連接的名詞前多用the, 如: the development of the watch,
    (5) 世界上獨一無二的東西前應(yīng)加the, 如: the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun
    在下列情況下,一般不用the:
    (1) 表示人名、地名、國家名等專有名詞前, 一般不加,如:
    Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英語), February(二月), America(美國) 但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時要加上the ,the Great Lakes(美國五大湖), the Changjiang River(長江)
    (2) 無特指的不可數(shù)名詞前,如: algebra(代數(shù)學), advertising, accounting(會計學)
    (3) 表示類別的復數(shù)名詞前,如: Historians believe that…, Amphibians(兩棲動物) hatch from…
    (4) 一些固定詞組中,如: in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed
    乘車的詞組: by train(乘火車), by car (乘汽車), by bicycle(騎腳踏車), much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、豐富的) little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 屬不可數(shù)名詞專用另外一些詞(詞組)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the re st of, plenty of等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長”、“ 比…..優(yōu)越”等含義,因此也就沒有比較級和高級。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。這些形容詞往往和to連用,而不和than連用。
    有些形容詞本身就具備“、極”的含義,所以就沒有高級和比較級。如:absolute(絕對的), unique(獨一無二的), infinite(無限的), round(圓的), right(對的), correct(正確的), wrong(錯誤的), perfect(完美的),這類形容詞往往被稱為絕對形容詞對于most來講,除了構(gòu)成某些詞高級外,most的用法有幾點需要注意,經(jīng)常成為改錯題的考點:
    1. 當most表示大多數(shù)時,之前不加the, 并且有兩種形式來表示大多數(shù),分別為:
    most + 名詞,如:most people, most Indian tribes; most + of + 限定詞 + 名詞或代詞,如:most of his paintings,most of us, most of the modern artists
    2. most有時意思等同于very, 此時most之前用不定冠詞,如:a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal
    程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前幾點參考規(guī)則:
    1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:
    She sings very well.
    I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
    I met just now your uncle (錯)
    2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:
    These two are only slightly different.
    right after this, very smoothly
    當然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:
    I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
    I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
    3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:
    He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis.
    He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
    4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:
    only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
    容易混淆的詞
    hard (努力,副詞) -hardly (幾乎不,副詞)
    close (接近,形容詞) -closely(接近,副詞)
    near (接近,形容詞) -nearly (幾乎,副詞), nearby (adj.鄰近的)
    most (大多數(shù)的,形容詞) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副詞)
    late (遲、晚,形容詞) -lately (近,副詞),later(adv.稍后的)
    high (高的,形容詞) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的)
    另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可愛的、有趣的),盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y, 但是都是形容詞作主語:不定式短語可作主語
    如:To see is to believe (百聞不如一見)
    To work hard should be your major concern.
    注意:由于英文不習慣句子主語過長,不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第十七章)
    例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋?It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如: It is very nice of you to help me
    不定式常接在名詞之后作定語,如:something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare,a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc. 由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動賓關(guān)系,因此不及物動詞之后必須加上相搭配的介詞(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)不定式定語還可表示將來的含義,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June 獨立主格的主語和句子主語不一致
    如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (獨立主格)
    對于分詞來講其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致:
    Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.
    在TOEFL考試中,經(jīng)?;煜瓷泶~的寫法,結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯
    反身代詞的用法
    可以用來做賓語: He hurt himself when he fell.
    可以用來做表語: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來進行強調(diào), 表示“親自”的意思 I myself do it. I do it myself. They made the research themselves.