俗話(huà)說(shuō)，好的開(kāi)始是成功的一半。寫(xiě)作文更是如此。一個(gè)文章的開(kāi)始是用來(lái)開(kāi)宗明義，并稱(chēng)述觀(guān)點(diǎn)，給全文定下一個(gè)基調(diào)，也引領(lǐng)讀者進(jìn)入這個(gè)話(huà)題。開(kāi)頭的重要性相信任何一個(gè)人都能說(shuō)得比我好，這里只想跟大家分享一下Mike寫(xiě)Issue開(kāi)頭的一些心得。
寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭需要做到三個(gè)事情，第一件是介紹一下Issue問(wèn)題的背景，為什么會(huì)有這樣的問(wèn)題？在什么情況下出現(xiàn)了這樣的問(wèn)題？為什么這樣的問(wèn)題重要？當(dāng)然這些問(wèn)號(hào)并不需要全部解答，這只是一種把讀者的思維和引領(lǐng)到你要討論的issue上面的一個(gè)方法。這里提供兩個(gè)具體的策略：a．用名人名言開(kāi)頭。b．描述issue所出現(xiàn)的時(shí)代背景。
策略a．例如這個(gè)題目
"So much is new and complex today that looking backfor an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in thepresent．"
開(kāi)頭前兩句話(huà)可以這樣寫(xiě)
The English Philosopher Francis Bacon once stated“Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; naturalphilosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend．” Accordingto Bacon, history comes before all the other knowledge and provides us with abundantwisdom．
然后可以轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)，但是在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，人們有了一個(gè)新的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
策略b．例如這個(gè)題目
"Thereare two types of laws: just and unjust．Every individual in a society has aresponsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey andresist unjust laws．"
開(kāi)頭前兩句話(huà)可以這樣寫(xiě)
Intoday's society, the legal system is playing an essential and ultimatelypowerful role in regulating daily activities, maintaining the functions of economyand protecting individuals' rights．
然后可以進(jìn)一步描述有人認(rèn)為法律分為兩種。
開(kāi)頭的第二件事需要restate the issue．用不同于題目的語(yǔ)言描述問(wèn)題, 這樣的描述體現(xiàn)了你對(duì)于問(wèn)題的理解，也決定了你后文對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的闡述方式。
例如這個(gè)題目
“Scientists and other researchers should focus theirresearch on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people．"
Restate可以是
Scientists and scholars should devote their energy onresearch projects which target at benefiting as many people as possible．
或者更加詳細(xì)的分析，例如這個(gè)題目
"How children are socialized todaydetermines the destiny of society．Unfortunately, we have not yet learned howto raise children who can help bring about a better society．"
可以寫(xiě)
The speaker's statement is actually a dualclaim．First, the future of our society is determined by how today's childrenare socialized．Second, our educational system fails to shape our children intosomeone who can improve various aspects of the society．
第三件事情是陳述自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。這里需要涵蓋下文所出現(xiàn)的所有論點(diǎn)。如果某個(gè)論點(diǎn)沒(méi)有被包含在內(nèi)，那么會(huì)給讀者surprise，這在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作里面是很不好的。當(dāng)然將全文的觀(guān)點(diǎn)濃縮在1-2句話(huà)里是非常困難的。
例如這個(gè)題目
“Educations should find out what students want included in thecurriculum and then offer it to them．”
觀(guān)點(diǎn)可以用兩句話(huà)說(shuō)明
Although personal interests can serve as motivationfor students to learn better （觀(guān)點(diǎn)1）, it's unreasonable for educators to incorporate all the different interestsin any curriculum（觀(guān)點(diǎn)2）．Moreover, educations should shape the interests of students and helpthem acquire useful techniques and knowledge （觀(guān)點(diǎn)3）．
或者這個(gè)題目
"It is the artist, not the critic, whogives society something of lasting value．"
觀(guān)點(diǎn)可以用一句話(huà)說(shuō)明
Although I admit that the virtue of the artlies in the work itself (觀(guān)點(diǎn)1), we should not overlook critics' role in discovering, evaluating,and disseminating the work of artists （觀(guān)點(diǎn)2）and how theyhelp popularize the art's value in the society （觀(guān)點(diǎn)3）．
最后還有幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)
1．開(kāi)頭的長(zhǎng)度：也許你覺(jué)得有很多話(huà)可以說(shuō)，也許你想把開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)得引人入勝，但開(kāi)頭的長(zhǎng)度是需要控制的。如果有3個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)段，那么開(kāi)頭大致不應(yīng)該超過(guò)全文的1/5。因?yàn)槿绻愕拈_(kāi)頭過(guò)長(zhǎng)，那么會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕，或者顯得文中的論述不夠充分。
2．寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭的訓(xùn)練：寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭是需要訓(xùn)練的，也很容易訓(xùn)練。拿到一個(gè)題目，很快的問(wèn)自己，這個(gè)題目關(guān)鍵在哪里，為什么會(huì)有這樣的問(wèn)題，我的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是什么。然后按照前文說(shuō)的順序?qū)懴聛?lái)就好了。熟練了以后，可以在5分鐘內(nèi)把開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)好，那么后文時(shí)間也能更加寬裕。
寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭需要做到三個(gè)事情，第一件是介紹一下Issue問(wèn)題的背景，為什么會(huì)有這樣的問(wèn)題？在什么情況下出現(xiàn)了這樣的問(wèn)題？為什么這樣的問(wèn)題重要？當(dāng)然這些問(wèn)號(hào)并不需要全部解答，這只是一種把讀者的思維和引領(lǐng)到你要討論的issue上面的一個(gè)方法。這里提供兩個(gè)具體的策略：a．用名人名言開(kāi)頭。b．描述issue所出現(xiàn)的時(shí)代背景。
策略a．例如這個(gè)題目
"So much is new and complex today that looking backfor an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in thepresent．"
開(kāi)頭前兩句話(huà)可以這樣寫(xiě)
The English Philosopher Francis Bacon once stated“Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; naturalphilosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend．” Accordingto Bacon, history comes before all the other knowledge and provides us with abundantwisdom．
然后可以轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)，但是在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，人們有了一個(gè)新的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
策略b．例如這個(gè)題目
"Thereare two types of laws: just and unjust．Every individual in a society has aresponsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey andresist unjust laws．"
開(kāi)頭前兩句話(huà)可以這樣寫(xiě)
Intoday's society, the legal system is playing an essential and ultimatelypowerful role in regulating daily activities, maintaining the functions of economyand protecting individuals' rights．
然后可以進(jìn)一步描述有人認(rèn)為法律分為兩種。
開(kāi)頭的第二件事需要restate the issue．用不同于題目的語(yǔ)言描述問(wèn)題, 這樣的描述體現(xiàn)了你對(duì)于問(wèn)題的理解，也決定了你后文對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的闡述方式。
例如這個(gè)題目
“Scientists and other researchers should focus theirresearch on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people．"
Restate可以是
Scientists and scholars should devote their energy onresearch projects which target at benefiting as many people as possible．
或者更加詳細(xì)的分析，例如這個(gè)題目
"How children are socialized todaydetermines the destiny of society．Unfortunately, we have not yet learned howto raise children who can help bring about a better society．"
可以寫(xiě)
The speaker's statement is actually a dualclaim．First, the future of our society is determined by how today's childrenare socialized．Second, our educational system fails to shape our children intosomeone who can improve various aspects of the society．
第三件事情是陳述自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。這里需要涵蓋下文所出現(xiàn)的所有論點(diǎn)。如果某個(gè)論點(diǎn)沒(méi)有被包含在內(nèi)，那么會(huì)給讀者surprise，這在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作里面是很不好的。當(dāng)然將全文的觀(guān)點(diǎn)濃縮在1-2句話(huà)里是非常困難的。
例如這個(gè)題目
“Educations should find out what students want included in thecurriculum and then offer it to them．”
觀(guān)點(diǎn)可以用兩句話(huà)說(shuō)明
Although personal interests can serve as motivationfor students to learn better （觀(guān)點(diǎn)1）, it's unreasonable for educators to incorporate all the different interestsin any curriculum（觀(guān)點(diǎn)2）．Moreover, educations should shape the interests of students and helpthem acquire useful techniques and knowledge （觀(guān)點(diǎn)3）．
或者這個(gè)題目
"It is the artist, not the critic, whogives society something of lasting value．"
觀(guān)點(diǎn)可以用一句話(huà)說(shuō)明
Although I admit that the virtue of the artlies in the work itself (觀(guān)點(diǎn)1), we should not overlook critics' role in discovering, evaluating,and disseminating the work of artists （觀(guān)點(diǎn)2）and how theyhelp popularize the art's value in the society （觀(guān)點(diǎn)3）．
最后還有幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)
1．開(kāi)頭的長(zhǎng)度：也許你覺(jué)得有很多話(huà)可以說(shuō)，也許你想把開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)得引人入勝，但開(kāi)頭的長(zhǎng)度是需要控制的。如果有3個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)段，那么開(kāi)頭大致不應(yīng)該超過(guò)全文的1/5。因?yàn)槿绻愕拈_(kāi)頭過(guò)長(zhǎng)，那么會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕，或者顯得文中的論述不夠充分。
2．寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭的訓(xùn)練：寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭是需要訓(xùn)練的，也很容易訓(xùn)練。拿到一個(gè)題目，很快的問(wèn)自己，這個(gè)題目關(guān)鍵在哪里，為什么會(huì)有這樣的問(wèn)題，我的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是什么。然后按照前文說(shuō)的順序?qū)懴聛?lái)就好了。熟練了以后，可以在5分鐘內(nèi)把開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)好，那么后文時(shí)間也能更加寬裕。