考點(diǎn)二 過(guò)去分詞
1. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
與現(xiàn)在分詞類(lèi)似，過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)?？珊投ㄕZ(yǔ)從句替換, 通常表示被動(dòng)的含義.
如：a theory derived from rich experience
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience
a gas composed of four chemical elements
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
單個(gè)分詞可放在被修飾詞之前，如：distinguished guests, unexpected trouble
改錯(cuò)題中?？棘F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的混用，關(guān)鍵看被修飾詞和分詞代表的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
例如: boiling water (沸騰的水，表示正在沸騰)； boiled water(開(kāi)水， 表示已經(jīng)燒開(kāi))
2. 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
有時(shí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞尾分別加上-ing和-ed就構(gòu)成了一組同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞, 這樣的例子在英語(yǔ)里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 這些由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)的分詞已經(jīng)被人們視為形容詞了. 但是, 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)有什么區(qū)別呢?
現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示某個(gè)事物的特性, 通常用來(lái)修飾某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
過(guò)去分詞通常表示人的感受或狀態(tài), 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦慮的神情)
試比較: an interesting boy (一個(gè)有趣的男孩 - 讓人覺(jué)得很有趣)
an interested boy (一個(gè)產(chǎn)生了興趣的男孩
同樣, 當(dāng)同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí), 在意思上也存在同樣的區(qū)別, 如:
The results are very disappointing. (結(jié)果很讓人失望)
We are very disappointed at the results. (我們對(duì)這樣的結(jié)果很失望)
例題：
(1)
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
(A) chartered
(B) was chartered
(C) it was chartered
(D) to be chartered
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)罕揪渲髦^結(jié)構(gòu)完整, 缺少的是主語(yǔ)的修飾成分, A構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)；B C 的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)與原句謂語(yǔ)沖突; D 不定式一般表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 與in 1785不符
(2)
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
應(yīng)改為：fixed
解釋?zhuān)篺ix是動(dòng)詞，不能修飾名詞period, 依句意改為分詞fixed, “一段固定時(shí)間”
(3)
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
(A) called
(B) to call
(C) is called
(D) call as
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)捍司渲髦^完整, 句中又無(wú)連詞, 需填的只可能是非謂語(yǔ)成分, A 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ), 等效于which is called, 符合題意. C D 屬謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 與原句謂語(yǔ)沖突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
3. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的狀語(yǔ)，常表示事件發(fā)生的背景或原因，
如：Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.
特別注意：分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致. 選擇題中, 經(jīng)常要求考生在分詞狀語(yǔ)部分填入合適的過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞. 到底選擇哪種分詞, 考生可以采取這樣的作題方法: 首先根據(jù)“分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致”的原則確定狀語(yǔ)部分的主語(yǔ), 再判斷這個(gè)主語(yǔ)和分詞是什么關(guān)系, 若是主動(dòng)關(guān)系則應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞, 若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系則要用過(guò)去分詞.
例題：
(1)
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
(C) To found
(D) Having founded
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)悍衷~部分的邏輯主語(yǔ)也應(yīng)當(dāng)是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 所以空格處應(yīng)填入過(guò)去分詞
(2)
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over the next three year.
應(yīng)改為：Almost destroyed
解釋?zhuān)篵y是被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志詞, 動(dòng)詞destroy應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞destroyed, 這樣既表被動(dòng)又構(gòu)成句子的狀語(yǔ)
1. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
與現(xiàn)在分詞類(lèi)似，過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)?？珊投ㄕZ(yǔ)從句替換, 通常表示被動(dòng)的含義.
如：a theory derived from rich experience
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience
a gas composed of four chemical elements
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
單個(gè)分詞可放在被修飾詞之前，如：distinguished guests, unexpected trouble
改錯(cuò)題中?？棘F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的混用，關(guān)鍵看被修飾詞和分詞代表的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
例如: boiling water (沸騰的水，表示正在沸騰)； boiled water(開(kāi)水， 表示已經(jīng)燒開(kāi))
2. 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
有時(shí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞詞尾分別加上-ing和-ed就構(gòu)成了一組同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞, 這樣的例子在英語(yǔ)里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 這些由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)的分詞已經(jīng)被人們視為形容詞了. 但是, 同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)有什么區(qū)別呢?
現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示某個(gè)事物的特性, 通常用來(lái)修飾某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
過(guò)去分詞通常表示人的感受或狀態(tài), 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦慮的神情)
試比較: an interesting boy (一個(gè)有趣的男孩 - 讓人覺(jué)得很有趣)
an interested boy (一個(gè)產(chǎn)生了興趣的男孩
同樣, 當(dāng)同源現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí), 在意思上也存在同樣的區(qū)別, 如:
The results are very disappointing. (結(jié)果很讓人失望)
We are very disappointed at the results. (我們對(duì)這樣的結(jié)果很失望)
例題：
(1)
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
(A) chartered
(B) was chartered
(C) it was chartered
(D) to be chartered
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)罕揪渲髦^結(jié)構(gòu)完整, 缺少的是主語(yǔ)的修飾成分, A構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)；B C 的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)與原句謂語(yǔ)沖突; D 不定式一般表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 與in 1785不符
(2)
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
應(yīng)改為：fixed
解釋?zhuān)篺ix是動(dòng)詞，不能修飾名詞period, 依句意改為分詞fixed, “一段固定時(shí)間”
(3)
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
(A) called
(B) to call
(C) is called
(D) call as
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)捍司渲髦^完整, 句中又無(wú)連詞, 需填的只可能是非謂語(yǔ)成分, A 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ), 等效于which is called, 符合題意. C D 屬謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu), 與原句謂語(yǔ)沖突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
3. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的狀語(yǔ)，常表示事件發(fā)生的背景或原因，
如：Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.
特別注意：分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致. 選擇題中, 經(jīng)常要求考生在分詞狀語(yǔ)部分填入合適的過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞. 到底選擇哪種分詞, 考生可以采取這樣的作題方法: 首先根據(jù)“分詞狀語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)要保持一致”的原則確定狀語(yǔ)部分的主語(yǔ), 再判斷這個(gè)主語(yǔ)和分詞是什么關(guān)系, 若是主動(dòng)關(guān)系則應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞, 若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系則要用過(guò)去分詞.
例題：
(1)
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
(C) To found
(D) Having founded
答案：A
解釋?zhuān)悍衷~部分的邏輯主語(yǔ)也應(yīng)當(dāng)是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 所以空格處應(yīng)填入過(guò)去分詞
(2)
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over the next three year.
應(yīng)改為：Almost destroyed
解釋?zhuān)篵y是被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志詞, 動(dòng)詞destroy應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞destroyed, 這樣既表被動(dòng)又構(gòu)成句子的狀語(yǔ)