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中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
目 錄
前 言
一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命
二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展
三、捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整
四、保障國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展
五、維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定
結(jié)束語
附 錄
Editor's note: The following is the full text of a white paper on China's armed forces published by the Information Office of the State Council, China's cabinet, on Tuesday and released by Xinhua News Agency.
前 言
當(dāng)今時(shí)代，和平與發(fā)展面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。緊緊把握機(jī)遇，共同應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，合作維護(hù)安全，攜手實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展，是時(shí)代賦予各國人民的歷史使命。
走和平發(fā)展道路，是中國堅(jiān)定不移的國家意志和戰(zhàn)略抉擇。中國始終不渝奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策和防御性國防政策，反對各種形式的霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，不干涉別國內(nèi)政，永遠(yuǎn)不爭霸，永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸，永遠(yuǎn)不搞軍事擴(kuò)張。中國倡導(dǎo)互信、互利、平等、協(xié)作的新安全觀，尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)綜合安全、共同安全、合作安全。
建設(shè)與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，是中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)，也是中國實(shí)現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)保障。中國武裝力量適應(yīng)國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和安全戰(zhàn)略的新要求，堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的指導(dǎo)思想地位，加快轉(zhuǎn)變戰(zhàn)斗力生成模式，構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)加強(qiáng)軍事戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)，拓展武裝力量運(yùn)用方式，為國家發(fā)展提供安全保障和戰(zhàn)略支撐，為維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定作出應(yīng)有貢獻(xiàn)。
Preface
In today's world, peace and development are facing new opportunities and challenges. It is a historic mission entrusted by the era to people of all nations to firmly grasp the opportunities, jointly meet the challenges, cooperatively maintain security and collectively achieve development.
It is China's unshakable national commitment and strategic choice to take the road of peaceful development. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China opposes any form of hegemonism or power politics, and does not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. China will never seek hegemony or behave in a hegemonic manner, nor will it engage in military expansion. China advocates a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, and pursues comprehensive security, common security and cooperative security.
It is a strategic task of China's modernization drive as well as a strong guarantee for China's peaceful development to build a strong national defense and powerful armed forces which are commensurate with China's international standing and meet the needs of its security and development interests. China's armed forces act to meet the new requirements of China's national development and security strategies, follow the theoretical guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, speed up the transformation of the generating mode of combat effectiveness, build a system of modern military forces with Chinese characteristics, enhance military strategic guidance and diversify the ways of employing armed forces as the times require. China's armed forces provide security guarantee and strategic support for national development, and make due contributions to the maintenance of world peace and regional stability.
一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命
I. New Situation, New Challenges and New Missions
新世紀(jì)以來，世界發(fā)生深刻復(fù)雜變化，和平與發(fā)展仍然是時(shí)代主題。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、世界多極化深入發(fā)展，文化多樣化、社會信息化持續(xù)推進(jìn)，國際力量對比朝著有利于維護(hù)世界和平方向發(fā)展，國際形勢保持總體和平穩(wěn)定的基本態(tài)勢。與此同時(shí)，世界仍然很不安寧，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治和新干涉主義有所上升，局部動(dòng)蕩頻繁發(fā)生，熱點(diǎn)問題此起彼伏，傳統(tǒng)與非傳統(tǒng)安全挑戰(zhàn)交織互動(dòng)，國際軍事領(lǐng)域競爭更趨激烈，國際安全問題的突發(fā)性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、綜合性明顯上升。亞太地區(qū)日益成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和大國戰(zhàn)略博弈的重要舞臺，美國調(diào)整亞太安全戰(zhàn)略，地區(qū)格局深刻調(diào)整。
Since the beginning of the new century, profound and complex changes have taken place in the world, but peace and development remain the underlying trends of our times. The global trends toward economic globalization and multi-polarity are intensifying, cultural diversity is increasing, and an information society is fast emerging. The balance of international forces is shifting in favor of maintaining world peace, and on the whole the international situation remains peaceful and stable. Meanwhile, however, the world is still far from being tranquil. There are signs of increasing hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism. Local turmoils occur frequently. Hot-spot issues keep cropping up. Traditional and non-traditional security challenges interweave and interact. Competition is intensifying in the international military field. International security issues are growing noticeably more abrupt, interrelated and comprehensive. The Asia-Pacific region has become an increasingly significant stage for world economic development and strategic interaction between major powers. The US is adjusting its Asia-Pacific security strategy, and the regional landscape is undergoing profound changes.
中國緊緊抓住和用好發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)成就舉世矚目，綜合國力大幅躍升，人民生活顯著改善，社會大局保持穩(wěn)定，兩岸關(guān)系繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展勢頭，國際競爭力和影響力不斷提高。但是，中國仍面臨多元復(fù)雜的安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)，生存安全問題和發(fā)展安全問題、傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅相互交織，維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)領(lǐng)土完整、維護(hù)發(fā)展利益的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。有的國家深化亞太軍事同盟，擴(kuò)大軍事存在，頻繁制造地區(qū)緊張局勢。個(gè)別鄰國在涉及中國領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益上采取使問題復(fù)雜化、擴(kuò)大化的舉動(dòng)，日本在釣魚島問題上制造事端。恐怖主義、分裂主義、極端主義“三股勢力”威脅上升?！?”分裂勢力及其分裂活動(dòng)仍然是兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展的威脅。重大自然災(zāi)害、安全事故和公共衛(wèi)生事件頻發(fā)，影響社會和諧穩(wěn)定的因素增加，國家海外利益安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升。機(jī)械化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)向信息化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)加速演變，主要國家大力發(fā)展軍事高新技術(shù)，搶占太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間等國際競爭戰(zhàn)略制高點(diǎn)。
China has seized and made the most of this important period of strategic opportunities for its development, and its modernization achievements have captured world attention. China's overall national strength has grown dramatically and the Chinese people's lives have been remarkably improved. China enjoys general social stability and cross-Straits relations are sustaining a momentum of peaceful development. China's international competitiveness and influence are steadily increasing. However, China still faces multiple and complicated security threats and challenges. The issues of subsistence and development security and the traditional and non-traditional threats to security are interwoven. Therefore, China has an arduous task to safeguard its national unification, territorial integrity and development interests.
Some country has strengthened its Asia-Pacific military alliances, expanded its military presence in the region, and frequently makes the situation there tenser. On the issues concerning China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, some neighboring countries are taking actions that complicate or exacerbate the situation, and Japan is making trouble over the issue of the Diaoyu Islands. The threats posed by "three forces," namely, terrorism, separatism and extremism, are on the rise. The "Taiwan independence" separatist forces and their activities are still the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. Serious natural disasters, security accidents and public health incidents keep occurring. Factors affecting social harmony and stability are growing in number, and the security risks to China's overseas interests are on the increase. Changes in the form of war from mechanization to informationization are accelerating. Major powers are vigorously developing new and more sophisticated military technologies so as to ensure that they can maintain strategic superiorities in international competition in such areas as outer space and cyber space.
面對復(fù)雜多變的安全環(huán)境，人民解放軍堅(jiān)決履行新世紀(jì)新階段歷史使命，拓展國家安全戰(zhàn)略和軍事戰(zhàn)略視野，立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，積極運(yùn)籌和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用，有效應(yīng)對多種安全威脅，完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)。
Facing a complex and volatile security situation, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) resolutely carries out its historical missions for the new stage in the new century. China's armed forces broaden their visions of national security strategy and military strategy, aim at winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make active planning for the use of armed forces in peacetime, deal effectively with various security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks.
中國武裝力量的多樣化運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持以下基本政策和原則：
The diversified employment of China's armed forces adheres to fundamental policies and principles as follows:
——維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整，保障國家和平發(fā)展。這是中國加強(qiáng)國防建設(shè)的目的，也是憲法和法律賦予中國武裝力量的神圣職責(zé)。堅(jiān)定不移實(shí)行積極防御軍事戰(zhàn)略，防備和抵抗侵略，遏制分裂勢力，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，維護(hù)國家海洋權(quán)益和在太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的安全利益。堅(jiān)持“人不犯我，我不犯人，人若犯我，我必犯人”，堅(jiān)決采取一切必要措施維護(hù)國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整。
Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and supporting the country's peaceful development. This is the goal of China's efforts in strengthening its national defense and the sacred mission of its armed forces, as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. China's armed forces unswervingly implement the military strategy of active defense, guard against and resist aggression, contain separatist forces, safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security, and protect national maritime rights and interests and national security interests in outer space and cyberspace. "We will not attack unless we are attacked; but we will surely counterattack if attacked." Following this principle, China will resolutely take all necessary measures to safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
——立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，拓展和深化軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備。堅(jiān)定不移把軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備基點(diǎn)放在打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭上，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各戰(zhàn)略方向軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備，加強(qiáng)軍兵種力量聯(lián)合運(yùn)用，提高基于信息系統(tǒng)的體系作戰(zhàn)能力。創(chuàng)新發(fā)展人民戰(zhàn)爭戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，推進(jìn)軍民融合式發(fā)展，提高國防動(dòng)員和后備力量建設(shè)質(zhì)量。全面提高日常戰(zhàn)備水平，加強(qiáng)針對性戰(zhàn)備演習(xí)演練，周密組織邊?？辗缿?zhàn)備巡邏和執(zhí)勤，妥善應(yīng)對各種危機(jī)和重大突發(fā)事件。
Aiming to win local wars under the conditions of informationization and expanding and intensifying military preparedness. China's armed forces firmly base their military preparedness on winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make overall and coordinated plans to promote military preparedness in all strategic directions, intensify the joint employment of different services and arms, and enhance warfighting capabilities based on information systems. They constantly bring forward new ideas for the strategies and tactics of people's war, advance integrated civilian-military development, and enhance the quality of national defense mobilization and reserve force building. They raise in an all-round way the level of routine combat readiness, intensify scenario-oriented exercises and drills, conduct well-organized border, coastal and territorial air patrols and duties for combat readiness, and handle appropriately various crises and major emergencies.
——樹立綜合安全觀念，有效遂行非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)。適應(yīng)安全威脅新變化，重視和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用。積極參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會建設(shè)，堅(jiān)決完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)。依照法律規(guī)定履行維護(hù)國家安全和穩(wěn)定職能，堅(jiān)決打擊敵對勢力*破壞活動(dòng)，打擊各種暴力恐怖活動(dòng)，遂行安保警戒任務(wù)。加強(qiáng)應(yīng)急救援、海上護(hù)航、撤離海外公民等海外行動(dòng)能力建設(shè)，為維護(hù)國家海外利益提供可靠的安全保障。
Formulating the concept of comprehensive security and effectively conducting military operations other than war (MOOTW). China's armed forces adapt themselves to the new changes of security threats, and emphasize the employment of armed forces in peacetime. They actively participate in and assist China's economic and social development, and resolutely accomplish urgent, difficult, hazardous, and arduous tasks involving emergency rescue and disaster relief. As stipulated by law, they perform their duties of maintaining national security and stability, steadfastly subduing subversive and sabotage attempts by hostile forces, cracking down on violent and terrorist activities, and accomplishing security-provision and guarding tasks. In addition, they strengthen overseas operational capabilities such as emergency response and rescue, merchant vessel protection at sea and evacuation of Chinese nationals, and provide reliable security support for China's interests overseas.
——深化安全合作，履行國際義務(wù)。中國武裝力量是國際安全合作的倡導(dǎo)者、推動(dòng)者和參與者。堅(jiān)持和平共處五項(xiàng)原則，全方位開展對外軍事交往，發(fā)展不結(jié)盟、不對抗、不針對第三方的軍事合作關(guān)系，推動(dòng)建立公平有效的集體安全機(jī)制和軍事互信機(jī)制。堅(jiān)持開放、務(wù)實(shí)、合作的理念，深化同各國軍隊(duì)的交流與合作，加強(qiáng)邊境地區(qū)建立信任措施合作，推進(jìn)海上安全對話與合作，參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)、國際反恐合作、國際護(hù)航和救災(zāi)行動(dòng)，舉行中外聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)。認(rèn)真履行應(yīng)盡的國際責(zé)任和義務(wù)，為維護(hù)世界和平、安全、穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮積極作用。
Deepening security cooperation and fulfilling international obligations. China's armed forces are the initiator and facilitator of and participant in international security cooperation. They uphold the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, conduct all-round military exchanges with other countries, and develop cooperative military relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party. They promote the establishment of just and effective collective security mechanisms and military confidence-building mechanisms. Bearing in mind the concept of openness, pragmatism and cooperation, China's armed forces increase their interactions and cooperation with other armed forces, and intensify cooperation on confidence-building measures (CBMs) in border areas. China's armed forces work to promote dialogue and cooperation on maritime security; participate in UN peacekeeping missions, international counter-terrorism cooperation, international merchant shipping protection and disaster relief operations; conduct joint exercises and training with foreign counterparts; conscientiously assume their due international responsibilities; and play an active role in maintaining world peace, security and stability.
——嚴(yán)格依法行動(dòng)，嚴(yán)守政策紀(jì)律。中國武裝力量遵守憲法和法律，遵守《聯(lián)合國憲章》的宗旨和原則，堅(jiān)持依法用兵、依法行動(dòng)。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行法律法規(guī)和政策規(guī)定，嚴(yán)守群眾紀(jì)律，依法完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、維穩(wěn)處突和安保警戒等任務(wù)。以《聯(lián)合國憲章》和公認(rèn)的國際關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則為依據(jù)，堅(jiān)持在雙邊多邊條約的法律構(gòu)架內(nèi)行動(dòng)，確保涉外軍事行動(dòng)的合法性。制定和完善法律法規(guī)和政策制度，嚴(yán)格按照條令條例管理部隊(duì)，為武裝力量多樣化運(yùn)用提供法律保障。
Acting in accordance with laws, policies and disciplines. China's armed forces observe the country's Constitution and other relevant laws, comply with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and maintain their commitment to employing troops and taking actions according to law. They strictly abide by laws, regulations and policies, as well as discipline regarding civil-military relations. According to law, they accomplish such tasks as emergency rescue, disaster relief, stability maintenance, contingency response and security provision. On the basis of the UN Charter and other universally recognized norms of international relations, they consistently operate within the legal framework formed by bilateral or multi-lateral treaties and agreements, so as to ensure the legitimacy of their operations involving foreign countries or militaries. The diversified employment of China's armed forces is legally guaranteed by formulating and revising relevant laws, regulations and policies, and the armed forces are administered strictly by rules and regulations. 二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展
II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces
中國武裝力量由人民解放軍、人民武裝警察部隊(duì)、民兵組成，在國家安全和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩負(fù)著維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的光榮使命和神圣職責(zé)。
China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.
近年來，人民解放軍按照履行使命任務(wù)和信息化建設(shè)發(fā)展要求，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)改革。強(qiáng)化軍委總部戰(zhàn)略管理功能，組建人民解放軍戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃部，將總參通信部改編為信息化部，將總參軍訓(xùn)和兵種部改編為軍訓(xùn)部；推進(jìn)新型作戰(zhàn)力量建設(shè)，調(diào)整優(yōu)化各軍兵種規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改革部隊(duì)編組模式，推動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)力量編成向精干、聯(lián)合、多能、高效方向發(fā)展；完善新型軍隊(duì)人才培養(yǎng)體系，深化軍事人力資源和后勤政策制度調(diào)整改革，加強(qiáng)高新技術(shù)武器裝備建設(shè)，努力構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。
Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.
陸軍主要擔(dān)負(fù)陸地作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)，包括機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)、邊海防部隊(duì)、警衛(wèi)警備部隊(duì)等。按照機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防的戰(zhàn)略要求，陸軍積極推進(jìn)由區(qū)域防衛(wèi)型向全域機(jī)動(dòng)型轉(zhuǎn)變，加快發(fā)展陸軍航空兵、輕型機(jī)械化部隊(duì)和特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)，加強(qiáng)數(shù)字化部隊(duì)建設(shè)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)部隊(duì)編成的小型化、模塊化、多能化，提高空地一體、遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)動(dòng)、快速突擊和特種作戰(zhàn)能力。陸軍機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)包括１８個(gè)集團(tuán)軍和部分獨(dú)立合成作戰(zhàn)師（旅），現(xiàn)有８５萬人。集團(tuán)軍由師、旅編成，分別隸屬于７個(gè)軍區(qū)。沈陽軍區(qū)下轄第１６、３９、４０集團(tuán)軍，北京軍區(qū)下轄第２７、３８、６５集團(tuán)軍，蘭州軍區(qū)下轄第２１、４７集團(tuán)軍，濟(jì)南軍區(qū)下轄第２０、２６、５４集團(tuán)軍，南京軍區(qū)下轄第１、１２、３１集團(tuán)軍，廣州軍區(qū)下轄第４１、４２集團(tuán)軍，成都軍區(qū)下轄第１３、１４集團(tuán)軍。
The PLA Army (PLAA) is composed of mobile operational units, border and coastal defense units, guard and garrison units, and is primarily responsible for military operations on land. In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA has been reoriented from theater defense to trans-theater mobility. It is accelerating the development of army aviation troops, light mechanized units and special operations forces, and enhancing building of digitalized units, gradually making its units small, modular and multi-functional in organization so as to enhance their capabilities for air-ground integrated operations, long-distance maneuvers, rapid assaults and special operations. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades), and have a total strength of 850,000. The combined corps, composed of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands (MACs): Shenyang (16th, 39th and 40th Combined Corps), Beijing (27th, 38th and 65th Combined Corps), Lanzhou (21st and 47th Combined Corps), Jinan (20th, 26th and 54th Combined Corps), Nanjing (1st, 12th and 31st Combined Corps), Guangzhou (41st and 42nd Combined Corps) and Chengdu (13th and 14th Combined Corps).
海軍是海上作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家海上方向安全、領(lǐng)海主權(quán)和維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益的任務(wù)，主要由潛艇部隊(duì)、水面艦艇部隊(duì)、航空兵、陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)、岸防部隊(duì)等兵種組成。按照近海防御的戰(zhàn)略要求，海軍注重提高近海綜合作戰(zhàn)力量現(xiàn)代化水平，發(fā)展先進(jìn)潛艇、驅(qū)逐艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦等裝備，完善綜合電子信息系統(tǒng)裝備體系，提高遠(yuǎn)海機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、遠(yuǎn)海合作與應(yīng)對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅能力，增強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略威懾與反擊能力。海軍現(xiàn)有２３．５萬人，下轄北海、東海和南海３個(gè)艦隊(duì)，艦隊(duì)下轄艦隊(duì)航空兵、基地、支隊(duì)、水警區(qū)、航空兵師和陸戰(zhàn)旅等部隊(duì)。２０１２年９月，第一艘航空母艦“遼寧艦”交接入列。中國發(fā)展航空母艦，對于建設(shè)強(qiáng)大海軍和維護(hù)海上安全具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。
The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.
空軍是空中作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家領(lǐng)空安全、保持全國空防穩(wěn)定的任務(wù)，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷達(dá)兵、空降兵、電子對抗等兵種組成。按照攻防兼?zhèn)涞膽?zhàn)略要求，空軍加強(qiáng)以偵察預(yù)警、空中進(jìn)攻、防空反導(dǎo)、戰(zhàn)略投送為重點(diǎn)的作戰(zhàn)力量體系建設(shè)，發(fā)展新一代作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、新型地空導(dǎo)彈和新型雷達(dá)等先進(jìn)武器裝備，完善預(yù)警、指揮和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，提高戰(zhàn)略預(yù)警、威懾和遠(yuǎn)程空中打擊能力。空軍現(xiàn)有３９．８萬人，下轄沈陽、北京、蘭州、濟(jì)南、南京、廣州、成都７個(gè)軍區(qū)空軍和１個(gè)空降兵軍。軍區(qū)空軍下轄基地、航空兵師（旅）、地空導(dǎo)彈師（旅）、雷達(dá)旅等。
The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.
第二炮兵是中國戰(zhàn)略威懾的核心力量，主要擔(dān)負(fù)遏制他國對中國使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈精確打擊任務(wù)，由核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、作戰(zhàn)保障部隊(duì)等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進(jìn)信息化轉(zhuǎn)型，依靠科技進(jìn)步推動(dòng)武器裝備自主創(chuàng)新，利用成熟技術(shù)有重點(diǎn)、有選擇改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有裝備，提高導(dǎo)彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼?zhèn)涞牧α矿w系，增強(qiáng)快速反應(yīng)、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護(hù)能力，戰(zhàn)略威懾與核反擊、常規(guī)精確打擊能力穩(wěn)步提升。第二炮兵下轄導(dǎo)彈基地、訓(xùn)練基地、專業(yè)保障部隊(duì)、院校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)等，目前裝備東風(fēng)系列彈道導(dǎo)彈和長劍巡航導(dǎo)彈。
The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.
武警部隊(duì)平時(shí)主要擔(dān)負(fù)執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等任務(wù)，戰(zhàn)時(shí)配合人民解放軍進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)。武警部隊(duì)依托國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊(duì)的三級綜合信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展部隊(duì)遂行任務(wù)急需的武器裝備，開展針對性訓(xùn)練，提高執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊(duì)由內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)和警種部隊(duì)組成，內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)包括?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）總隊(duì)和機(jī)動(dòng)師，警種部隊(duì)包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊(duì)，公安邊防、消防、警衛(wèi)部隊(duì)列入武警序列。
In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.
民兵是不脫產(chǎn)的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔(dān)負(fù)參加社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備勤務(wù)、參加防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)、協(xié)助維護(hù)社會秩序和參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等任務(wù)。民兵建設(shè)注重調(diào)整規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改善武器裝備，推進(jìn)訓(xùn)練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織?；擅癖M織編有應(yīng)急隊(duì)伍，聯(lián)合防空、情報(bào)偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運(yùn)輸、裝備維修等支援隊(duì)伍，以及作戰(zhàn)保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲備隊(duì)伍。
The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.
目 錄
前 言
一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命
二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展
三、捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整
四、保障國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展
五、維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定
結(jié)束語
附 錄
Editor's note: The following is the full text of a white paper on China's armed forces published by the Information Office of the State Council, China's cabinet, on Tuesday and released by Xinhua News Agency.
前 言
當(dāng)今時(shí)代，和平與發(fā)展面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。緊緊把握機(jī)遇，共同應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，合作維護(hù)安全，攜手實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展，是時(shí)代賦予各國人民的歷史使命。
走和平發(fā)展道路，是中國堅(jiān)定不移的國家意志和戰(zhàn)略抉擇。中國始終不渝奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策和防御性國防政策，反對各種形式的霸權(quán)主義和強(qiáng)權(quán)政治，不干涉別國內(nèi)政，永遠(yuǎn)不爭霸，永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸，永遠(yuǎn)不搞軍事擴(kuò)張。中國倡導(dǎo)互信、互利、平等、協(xié)作的新安全觀，尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)綜合安全、共同安全、合作安全。
建設(shè)與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，是中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)，也是中國實(shí)現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)保障。中國武裝力量適應(yīng)國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和安全戰(zhàn)略的新要求，堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的指導(dǎo)思想地位，加快轉(zhuǎn)變戰(zhàn)斗力生成模式，構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)加強(qiáng)軍事戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)，拓展武裝力量運(yùn)用方式，為國家發(fā)展提供安全保障和戰(zhàn)略支撐，為維護(hù)世界和平和地區(qū)穩(wěn)定作出應(yīng)有貢獻(xiàn)。
Preface
In today's world, peace and development are facing new opportunities and challenges. It is a historic mission entrusted by the era to people of all nations to firmly grasp the opportunities, jointly meet the challenges, cooperatively maintain security and collectively achieve development.
It is China's unshakable national commitment and strategic choice to take the road of peaceful development. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China opposes any form of hegemonism or power politics, and does not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. China will never seek hegemony or behave in a hegemonic manner, nor will it engage in military expansion. China advocates a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, and pursues comprehensive security, common security and cooperative security.
It is a strategic task of China's modernization drive as well as a strong guarantee for China's peaceful development to build a strong national defense and powerful armed forces which are commensurate with China's international standing and meet the needs of its security and development interests. China's armed forces act to meet the new requirements of China's national development and security strategies, follow the theoretical guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, speed up the transformation of the generating mode of combat effectiveness, build a system of modern military forces with Chinese characteristics, enhance military strategic guidance and diversify the ways of employing armed forces as the times require. China's armed forces provide security guarantee and strategic support for national development, and make due contributions to the maintenance of world peace and regional stability.
一、新形勢、新挑戰(zhàn)、新使命
I. New Situation, New Challenges and New Missions
新世紀(jì)以來，世界發(fā)生深刻復(fù)雜變化，和平與發(fā)展仍然是時(shí)代主題。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、世界多極化深入發(fā)展，文化多樣化、社會信息化持續(xù)推進(jìn)，國際力量對比朝著有利于維護(hù)世界和平方向發(fā)展，國際形勢保持總體和平穩(wěn)定的基本態(tài)勢。與此同時(shí)，世界仍然很不安寧，霸權(quán)主義、強(qiáng)權(quán)政治和新干涉主義有所上升，局部動(dòng)蕩頻繁發(fā)生，熱點(diǎn)問題此起彼伏，傳統(tǒng)與非傳統(tǒng)安全挑戰(zhàn)交織互動(dòng)，國際軍事領(lǐng)域競爭更趨激烈，國際安全問題的突發(fā)性、關(guān)聯(lián)性、綜合性明顯上升。亞太地區(qū)日益成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和大國戰(zhàn)略博弈的重要舞臺，美國調(diào)整亞太安全戰(zhàn)略，地區(qū)格局深刻調(diào)整。
Since the beginning of the new century, profound and complex changes have taken place in the world, but peace and development remain the underlying trends of our times. The global trends toward economic globalization and multi-polarity are intensifying, cultural diversity is increasing, and an information society is fast emerging. The balance of international forces is shifting in favor of maintaining world peace, and on the whole the international situation remains peaceful and stable. Meanwhile, however, the world is still far from being tranquil. There are signs of increasing hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism. Local turmoils occur frequently. Hot-spot issues keep cropping up. Traditional and non-traditional security challenges interweave and interact. Competition is intensifying in the international military field. International security issues are growing noticeably more abrupt, interrelated and comprehensive. The Asia-Pacific region has become an increasingly significant stage for world economic development and strategic interaction between major powers. The US is adjusting its Asia-Pacific security strategy, and the regional landscape is undergoing profound changes.
中國緊緊抓住和用好發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)成就舉世矚目，綜合國力大幅躍升，人民生活顯著改善，社會大局保持穩(wěn)定，兩岸關(guān)系繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)和平發(fā)展勢頭，國際競爭力和影響力不斷提高。但是，中國仍面臨多元復(fù)雜的安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)，生存安全問題和發(fā)展安全問題、傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅相互交織，維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)領(lǐng)土完整、維護(hù)發(fā)展利益的任務(wù)艱巨繁重。有的國家深化亞太軍事同盟，擴(kuò)大軍事存在，頻繁制造地區(qū)緊張局勢。個(gè)別鄰國在涉及中國領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益上采取使問題復(fù)雜化、擴(kuò)大化的舉動(dòng)，日本在釣魚島問題上制造事端。恐怖主義、分裂主義、極端主義“三股勢力”威脅上升?！?”分裂勢力及其分裂活動(dòng)仍然是兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展的威脅。重大自然災(zāi)害、安全事故和公共衛(wèi)生事件頻發(fā)，影響社會和諧穩(wěn)定的因素增加，國家海外利益安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升。機(jī)械化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)向信息化戰(zhàn)爭形態(tài)加速演變，主要國家大力發(fā)展軍事高新技術(shù)，搶占太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間等國際競爭戰(zhàn)略制高點(diǎn)。
China has seized and made the most of this important period of strategic opportunities for its development, and its modernization achievements have captured world attention. China's overall national strength has grown dramatically and the Chinese people's lives have been remarkably improved. China enjoys general social stability and cross-Straits relations are sustaining a momentum of peaceful development. China's international competitiveness and influence are steadily increasing. However, China still faces multiple and complicated security threats and challenges. The issues of subsistence and development security and the traditional and non-traditional threats to security are interwoven. Therefore, China has an arduous task to safeguard its national unification, territorial integrity and development interests.
Some country has strengthened its Asia-Pacific military alliances, expanded its military presence in the region, and frequently makes the situation there tenser. On the issues concerning China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, some neighboring countries are taking actions that complicate or exacerbate the situation, and Japan is making trouble over the issue of the Diaoyu Islands. The threats posed by "three forces," namely, terrorism, separatism and extremism, are on the rise. The "Taiwan independence" separatist forces and their activities are still the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. Serious natural disasters, security accidents and public health incidents keep occurring. Factors affecting social harmony and stability are growing in number, and the security risks to China's overseas interests are on the increase. Changes in the form of war from mechanization to informationization are accelerating. Major powers are vigorously developing new and more sophisticated military technologies so as to ensure that they can maintain strategic superiorities in international competition in such areas as outer space and cyber space.
面對復(fù)雜多變的安全環(huán)境，人民解放軍堅(jiān)決履行新世紀(jì)新階段歷史使命，拓展國家安全戰(zhàn)略和軍事戰(zhàn)略視野，立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，積極運(yùn)籌和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用，有效應(yīng)對多種安全威脅，完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)。
Facing a complex and volatile security situation, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) resolutely carries out its historical missions for the new stage in the new century. China's armed forces broaden their visions of national security strategy and military strategy, aim at winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make active planning for the use of armed forces in peacetime, deal effectively with various security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks.
中國武裝力量的多樣化運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持以下基本政策和原則：
The diversified employment of China's armed forces adheres to fundamental policies and principles as follows:
——維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整，保障國家和平發(fā)展。這是中國加強(qiáng)國防建設(shè)的目的，也是憲法和法律賦予中國武裝力量的神圣職責(zé)。堅(jiān)定不移實(shí)行積極防御軍事戰(zhàn)略，防備和抵抗侵略，遏制分裂勢力，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，維護(hù)國家海洋權(quán)益和在太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的安全利益。堅(jiān)持“人不犯我，我不犯人，人若犯我，我必犯人”，堅(jiān)決采取一切必要措施維護(hù)國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整。
Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and supporting the country's peaceful development. This is the goal of China's efforts in strengthening its national defense and the sacred mission of its armed forces, as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. China's armed forces unswervingly implement the military strategy of active defense, guard against and resist aggression, contain separatist forces, safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security, and protect national maritime rights and interests and national security interests in outer space and cyberspace. "We will not attack unless we are attacked; but we will surely counterattack if attacked." Following this principle, China will resolutely take all necessary measures to safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
——立足打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭，拓展和深化軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備。堅(jiān)定不移把軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備基點(diǎn)放在打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭上，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)各戰(zhàn)略方向軍事斗爭準(zhǔn)備，加強(qiáng)軍兵種力量聯(lián)合運(yùn)用，提高基于信息系統(tǒng)的體系作戰(zhàn)能力。創(chuàng)新發(fā)展人民戰(zhàn)爭戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，推進(jìn)軍民融合式發(fā)展，提高國防動(dòng)員和后備力量建設(shè)質(zhì)量。全面提高日常戰(zhàn)備水平，加強(qiáng)針對性戰(zhàn)備演習(xí)演練，周密組織邊?？辗缿?zhàn)備巡邏和執(zhí)勤，妥善應(yīng)對各種危機(jī)和重大突發(fā)事件。
Aiming to win local wars under the conditions of informationization and expanding and intensifying military preparedness. China's armed forces firmly base their military preparedness on winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make overall and coordinated plans to promote military preparedness in all strategic directions, intensify the joint employment of different services and arms, and enhance warfighting capabilities based on information systems. They constantly bring forward new ideas for the strategies and tactics of people's war, advance integrated civilian-military development, and enhance the quality of national defense mobilization and reserve force building. They raise in an all-round way the level of routine combat readiness, intensify scenario-oriented exercises and drills, conduct well-organized border, coastal and territorial air patrols and duties for combat readiness, and handle appropriately various crises and major emergencies.
——樹立綜合安全觀念，有效遂行非戰(zhàn)爭軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)。適應(yīng)安全威脅新變化，重視和平時(shí)期武裝力量運(yùn)用。積極參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會建設(shè)，堅(jiān)決完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等急難險(xiǎn)重任務(wù)。依照法律規(guī)定履行維護(hù)國家安全和穩(wěn)定職能，堅(jiān)決打擊敵對勢力*破壞活動(dòng)，打擊各種暴力恐怖活動(dòng)，遂行安保警戒任務(wù)。加強(qiáng)應(yīng)急救援、海上護(hù)航、撤離海外公民等海外行動(dòng)能力建設(shè)，為維護(hù)國家海外利益提供可靠的安全保障。
Formulating the concept of comprehensive security and effectively conducting military operations other than war (MOOTW). China's armed forces adapt themselves to the new changes of security threats, and emphasize the employment of armed forces in peacetime. They actively participate in and assist China's economic and social development, and resolutely accomplish urgent, difficult, hazardous, and arduous tasks involving emergency rescue and disaster relief. As stipulated by law, they perform their duties of maintaining national security and stability, steadfastly subduing subversive and sabotage attempts by hostile forces, cracking down on violent and terrorist activities, and accomplishing security-provision and guarding tasks. In addition, they strengthen overseas operational capabilities such as emergency response and rescue, merchant vessel protection at sea and evacuation of Chinese nationals, and provide reliable security support for China's interests overseas.
——深化安全合作，履行國際義務(wù)。中國武裝力量是國際安全合作的倡導(dǎo)者、推動(dòng)者和參與者。堅(jiān)持和平共處五項(xiàng)原則，全方位開展對外軍事交往，發(fā)展不結(jié)盟、不對抗、不針對第三方的軍事合作關(guān)系，推動(dòng)建立公平有效的集體安全機(jī)制和軍事互信機(jī)制。堅(jiān)持開放、務(wù)實(shí)、合作的理念，深化同各國軍隊(duì)的交流與合作，加強(qiáng)邊境地區(qū)建立信任措施合作，推進(jìn)海上安全對話與合作，參加聯(lián)合國維和行動(dòng)、國際反恐合作、國際護(hù)航和救災(zāi)行動(dòng)，舉行中外聯(lián)演聯(lián)訓(xùn)。認(rèn)真履行應(yīng)盡的國際責(zé)任和義務(wù)，為維護(hù)世界和平、安全、穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮積極作用。
Deepening security cooperation and fulfilling international obligations. China's armed forces are the initiator and facilitator of and participant in international security cooperation. They uphold the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, conduct all-round military exchanges with other countries, and develop cooperative military relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party. They promote the establishment of just and effective collective security mechanisms and military confidence-building mechanisms. Bearing in mind the concept of openness, pragmatism and cooperation, China's armed forces increase their interactions and cooperation with other armed forces, and intensify cooperation on confidence-building measures (CBMs) in border areas. China's armed forces work to promote dialogue and cooperation on maritime security; participate in UN peacekeeping missions, international counter-terrorism cooperation, international merchant shipping protection and disaster relief operations; conduct joint exercises and training with foreign counterparts; conscientiously assume their due international responsibilities; and play an active role in maintaining world peace, security and stability.
——嚴(yán)格依法行動(dòng)，嚴(yán)守政策紀(jì)律。中國武裝力量遵守憲法和法律，遵守《聯(lián)合國憲章》的宗旨和原則，堅(jiān)持依法用兵、依法行動(dòng)。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行法律法規(guī)和政策規(guī)定，嚴(yán)守群眾紀(jì)律，依法完成搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、維穩(wěn)處突和安保警戒等任務(wù)。以《聯(lián)合國憲章》和公認(rèn)的國際關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則為依據(jù)，堅(jiān)持在雙邊多邊條約的法律構(gòu)架內(nèi)行動(dòng)，確保涉外軍事行動(dòng)的合法性。制定和完善法律法規(guī)和政策制度，嚴(yán)格按照條令條例管理部隊(duì)，為武裝力量多樣化運(yùn)用提供法律保障。
Acting in accordance with laws, policies and disciplines. China's armed forces observe the country's Constitution and other relevant laws, comply with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and maintain their commitment to employing troops and taking actions according to law. They strictly abide by laws, regulations and policies, as well as discipline regarding civil-military relations. According to law, they accomplish such tasks as emergency rescue, disaster relief, stability maintenance, contingency response and security provision. On the basis of the UN Charter and other universally recognized norms of international relations, they consistently operate within the legal framework formed by bilateral or multi-lateral treaties and agreements, so as to ensure the legitimacy of their operations involving foreign countries or militaries. The diversified employment of China's armed forces is legally guaranteed by formulating and revising relevant laws, regulations and policies, and the armed forces are administered strictly by rules and regulations. 二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展
II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces
中國武裝力量由人民解放軍、人民武裝警察部隊(duì)、民兵組成，在國家安全和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩負(fù)著維護(hù)國家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的光榮使命和神圣職責(zé)。
China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.
近年來，人民解放軍按照履行使命任務(wù)和信息化建設(shè)發(fā)展要求，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)改革。強(qiáng)化軍委總部戰(zhàn)略管理功能，組建人民解放軍戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃部，將總參通信部改編為信息化部，將總參軍訓(xùn)和兵種部改編為軍訓(xùn)部；推進(jìn)新型作戰(zhàn)力量建設(shè)，調(diào)整優(yōu)化各軍兵種規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改革部隊(duì)編組模式，推動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)力量編成向精干、聯(lián)合、多能、高效方向發(fā)展；完善新型軍隊(duì)人才培養(yǎng)體系，深化軍事人力資源和后勤政策制度調(diào)整改革，加強(qiáng)高新技術(shù)武器裝備建設(shè)，努力構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。
Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.
陸軍主要擔(dān)負(fù)陸地作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)，包括機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)、邊海防部隊(duì)、警衛(wèi)警備部隊(duì)等。按照機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防的戰(zhàn)略要求，陸軍積極推進(jìn)由區(qū)域防衛(wèi)型向全域機(jī)動(dòng)型轉(zhuǎn)變，加快發(fā)展陸軍航空兵、輕型機(jī)械化部隊(duì)和特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)，加強(qiáng)數(shù)字化部隊(duì)建設(shè)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)部隊(duì)編成的小型化、模塊化、多能化，提高空地一體、遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)動(dòng)、快速突擊和特種作戰(zhàn)能力。陸軍機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)包括１８個(gè)集團(tuán)軍和部分獨(dú)立合成作戰(zhàn)師（旅），現(xiàn)有８５萬人。集團(tuán)軍由師、旅編成，分別隸屬于７個(gè)軍區(qū)。沈陽軍區(qū)下轄第１６、３９、４０集團(tuán)軍，北京軍區(qū)下轄第２７、３８、６５集團(tuán)軍，蘭州軍區(qū)下轄第２１、４７集團(tuán)軍，濟(jì)南軍區(qū)下轄第２０、２６、５４集團(tuán)軍，南京軍區(qū)下轄第１、１２、３１集團(tuán)軍，廣州軍區(qū)下轄第４１、４２集團(tuán)軍，成都軍區(qū)下轄第１３、１４集團(tuán)軍。
The PLA Army (PLAA) is composed of mobile operational units, border and coastal defense units, guard and garrison units, and is primarily responsible for military operations on land. In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA has been reoriented from theater defense to trans-theater mobility. It is accelerating the development of army aviation troops, light mechanized units and special operations forces, and enhancing building of digitalized units, gradually making its units small, modular and multi-functional in organization so as to enhance their capabilities for air-ground integrated operations, long-distance maneuvers, rapid assaults and special operations. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades), and have a total strength of 850,000. The combined corps, composed of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands (MACs): Shenyang (16th, 39th and 40th Combined Corps), Beijing (27th, 38th and 65th Combined Corps), Lanzhou (21st and 47th Combined Corps), Jinan (20th, 26th and 54th Combined Corps), Nanjing (1st, 12th and 31st Combined Corps), Guangzhou (41st and 42nd Combined Corps) and Chengdu (13th and 14th Combined Corps).
海軍是海上作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家海上方向安全、領(lǐng)海主權(quán)和維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益的任務(wù)，主要由潛艇部隊(duì)、水面艦艇部隊(duì)、航空兵、陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)、岸防部隊(duì)等兵種組成。按照近海防御的戰(zhàn)略要求，海軍注重提高近海綜合作戰(zhàn)力量現(xiàn)代化水平，發(fā)展先進(jìn)潛艇、驅(qū)逐艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦等裝備，完善綜合電子信息系統(tǒng)裝備體系，提高遠(yuǎn)海機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、遠(yuǎn)海合作與應(yīng)對非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅能力，增強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略威懾與反擊能力。海軍現(xiàn)有２３．５萬人，下轄北海、東海和南海３個(gè)艦隊(duì)，艦隊(duì)下轄艦隊(duì)航空兵、基地、支隊(duì)、水警區(qū)、航空兵師和陸戰(zhàn)旅等部隊(duì)。２０１２年９月，第一艘航空母艦“遼寧艦”交接入列。中國發(fā)展航空母艦，對于建設(shè)強(qiáng)大海軍和維護(hù)海上安全具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。
The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.
空軍是空中作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國家領(lǐng)空安全、保持全國空防穩(wěn)定的任務(wù)，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷達(dá)兵、空降兵、電子對抗等兵種組成。按照攻防兼?zhèn)涞膽?zhàn)略要求，空軍加強(qiáng)以偵察預(yù)警、空中進(jìn)攻、防空反導(dǎo)、戰(zhàn)略投送為重點(diǎn)的作戰(zhàn)力量體系建設(shè)，發(fā)展新一代作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、新型地空導(dǎo)彈和新型雷達(dá)等先進(jìn)武器裝備，完善預(yù)警、指揮和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，提高戰(zhàn)略預(yù)警、威懾和遠(yuǎn)程空中打擊能力。空軍現(xiàn)有３９．８萬人，下轄沈陽、北京、蘭州、濟(jì)南、南京、廣州、成都７個(gè)軍區(qū)空軍和１個(gè)空降兵軍。軍區(qū)空軍下轄基地、航空兵師（旅）、地空導(dǎo)彈師（旅）、雷達(dá)旅等。
The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.
第二炮兵是中國戰(zhàn)略威懾的核心力量，主要擔(dān)負(fù)遏制他國對中國使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈精確打擊任務(wù)，由核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、作戰(zhàn)保障部隊(duì)等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進(jìn)信息化轉(zhuǎn)型，依靠科技進(jìn)步推動(dòng)武器裝備自主創(chuàng)新，利用成熟技術(shù)有重點(diǎn)、有選擇改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有裝備，提高導(dǎo)彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼?zhèn)涞牧α矿w系，增強(qiáng)快速反應(yīng)、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護(hù)能力，戰(zhàn)略威懾與核反擊、常規(guī)精確打擊能力穩(wěn)步提升。第二炮兵下轄導(dǎo)彈基地、訓(xùn)練基地、專業(yè)保障部隊(duì)、院校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)等，目前裝備東風(fēng)系列彈道導(dǎo)彈和長劍巡航導(dǎo)彈。
The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.
武警部隊(duì)平時(shí)主要擔(dān)負(fù)執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等任務(wù)，戰(zhàn)時(shí)配合人民解放軍進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)。武警部隊(duì)依托國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊(duì)的三級綜合信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展部隊(duì)遂行任務(wù)急需的武器裝備，開展針對性訓(xùn)練，提高執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊(duì)由內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)和警種部隊(duì)組成，內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)包括?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）總隊(duì)和機(jī)動(dòng)師，警種部隊(duì)包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊(duì)，公安邊防、消防、警衛(wèi)部隊(duì)列入武警序列。
In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.
民兵是不脫產(chǎn)的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔(dān)負(fù)參加社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備勤務(wù)、參加防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)、協(xié)助維護(hù)社會秩序和參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等任務(wù)。民兵建設(shè)注重調(diào)整規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改善武器裝備，推進(jìn)訓(xùn)練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織?；擅癖M織編有應(yīng)急隊(duì)伍，聯(lián)合防空、情報(bào)偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運(yùn)輸、裝備維修等支援隊(duì)伍，以及作戰(zhàn)保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲備隊(duì)伍。
The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.