★英語(yǔ)資源頻道為大家整理的chinadaily雙語(yǔ)新聞：九大事實(shí)證明 傳統(tǒng)的性別角色，供大家參考。更多閱讀請(qǐng)查看本站英語(yǔ)資源頻道。
Remember the good old days when men were men and women were women? You know, when the manliest of men wore their hair long and curly with their best high heels. 還記得昔日那美好的時(shí)光嗎?那時(shí)，男人還是男人，女人還是女人。你知道嗎?那時(shí)男子氣概的男人留著卷曲的長(zhǎng)發(fā)，穿著他們的高跟鞋。 Oh, maybe you were imagining a slightly different picture of modern gender? Consider the earring. Associated exclusively with women for about 200 years, guys have recently started to reclaim them. "In the last two decades," Valerie Steele, director of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, told The Huffington Post, "men have gotten in touch with their inner pirate." 奧，也許剛剛你想象的現(xiàn)代性別圖景稍稍有些不同。想想耳飾吧。200年以來(lái)，人們只把耳飾同女性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，但最近，男人們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始重新佩戴耳飾了?！白罱陙?lái)，”紐約時(shí)裝技術(shù)學(xué)院博物館館長(zhǎng)瓦萊麗•斯蒂爾告訴《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》說(shuō)，“男人們已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到他們內(nèi)心的呼喚了?！? While there are real biological differences between the sexes, gender is generally considered to be a social construction -- it can be pretty much whatever we want it to be, and we've wanted it to be a lot of things over the years. Below, find some ways our perception of gender presentation has already changed from the past to present. 男女的確存在生理上的差異，但“性別”通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)社會(huì)概念—我們想怎么定義它，它就是什么樣的。這些年來(lái)，我們已經(jīng)賦予了它如此多的內(nèi)涵。下面的一些事實(shí)表明，從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在，我們對(duì)于性別表現(xiàn)的看法已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。 Pink used to be a "boy color" and blue a "girl color," and before that every baby just wore white. No.1 粉紅色曾經(jīng)是“男孩子的顏色”，藍(lán)色曾經(jīng)是“女孩兒的顏色”，而在此之前，每個(gè)寶寶都只穿白色的衣服。 Not so long ago, parents dressed their babies in white dresses -- due to the fact they could be bleached -- until about age six. Yes, even the boys. 曾幾何時(shí)，直到六歲之前，父母?jìng)兌冀o他們的寶寶穿白色的衣服—這是因?yàn)榘咨囊路杀黄?。即使男孩兒也是如此? Pastels came into style when a 1918 retail trade publication attempted to nail down the rules: pink for boys and blue for girls. "Being a more decided and stronger color, [pink] is more suitable for the boy," the article stated, "while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl." Whether or not people listened (and blatantly sexist rationale aside), they at least seemed to accept a much wider variety of color options for their infants until sometime around 1940, University of Maryland historian Jo B. Paoletti notes, when preferences switched to the color divide we're familiar with today. 1918年，一份零售的行業(yè)刊物2試圖確定這樣的慣例：粉紅色是男孩子的顏色，而藍(lán)色是女孩子的顏色。也就在那時(shí)，淺色開(kāi)始流行起來(lái)?！胺奂t色看起來(lái)更為果敢，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，更適合男孩子，”這篇文章寫(xiě)道，“藍(lán)色看起來(lái)更為雅致，秀氣，對(duì)女孩兒來(lái)說(shuō)更漂亮?！薄安徽撊藗冇袥](méi)有聽(tīng)從這一建議(當(dāng)時(shí)還有公然的性別歧視理論)，對(duì)于寶寶衣服顏色的選擇，他們可接受的范圍還是很廣的，至少看起來(lái)是如此，這種情況一直持續(xù)到1940年左右，”馬里蘭大學(xué)的歷史學(xué)家喬•B•保萊蒂提到，“到那時(shí)人們對(duì)于顏色的偏好才轉(zhuǎn)變成了今天我們所熟知的體現(xiàn)性別的顏色差異3?！? High heels were originally created for men and seen as "masculine" for a century. No.2 高跟鞋最初是為男人設(shè)計(jì)的。有一個(gè)世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為高跟鞋很具“陽(yáng)剛之氣”。 Persian soldiers wore high-heeled shoes in the name of necessity when riding horseback, since shooting an arrow from a saddle was easier with a heel to secure the foot in its strap. As the European elite became fascinated with the unfamiliar culture, men adopted the horsemen's masculine footwear for their own (totally impractical) use around 1600. After the (gasp!) lower classes began sporting heeled footwear, the leisure class responded as only they could -- by making the heel higher. 波斯士兵認(rèn)為騎馬的時(shí)候穿高跟鞋是必要的。這是因?yàn)楦吒苁鼓_牢牢地固定在腳蹬上，這樣在馬鞍上射箭會(huì)更容易。歐洲的名流們對(duì)這一陌生的文化著迷起來(lái)，大約在1600年左右，他們自己(完全不實(shí)際)也穿起了這種本屬于騎手的充滿陽(yáng)剛之氣的鞋。在下層階級(jí)開(kāi)始炫耀高跟鞋之后(大喘氣!)，上流階層隨之將鞋跟變高了，以此表示只有他們能這樣做。 But when women began adopting the style as well, men's shoe heels became stockier and shorter, while women's became thinner and higher. "Most of the time," Steele told HuffPost, "when something begins to be associated with the feminine, it gets kind of 'contaminated' for men." By the end of the 18th century, she noted, men were over the whole heeled shoe thing. If only they could've looked past the gender divide, they'd have seen a way to longer-looking legs and a perkier butt. 但當(dāng)女人們也開(kāi)始穿高跟鞋的時(shí)候，男人們的鞋跟就變得又短又粗，而女人們的鞋跟卻更細(xì)更高了。 “大多時(shí)候”，斯蒂爾對(duì)《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》說(shuō)，“對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，什么東西只要一同女性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，好像就被‘污染’了?！彼岬剑搅?8世紀(jì)末，男人們就完全不穿高跟鞋了。要是他們能看看過(guò)去的性別差異，他們?cè)缇湍苷业绞雇雀?xì)，*更翹的方法了。 At one time, secretaries and schoolteachers were all guys. No.3 曾經(jīng)，秘書(shū)和學(xué)校老師都是男人。 The term "women's work" is based on the idea that women are intrinsically less qualified for all but certain roles in the workforce; but what those roles are, exactly, has changed a bit over time. At the turn of the last century, an estimated 85 percent of clerical jobs were filled by men earning twice the salary of their female counterparts. These men usually used the job as an entry-level managerial position in their climb up the white-collar ladder. 詞語(yǔ)“女人的工作”的產(chǎn)生基于這樣一種觀念：在職場(chǎng)，除了某幾種工作外，女人天生不如男性(更能勝任工作);而這幾種工作的類(lèi)別，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，并沒(méi)有隨著時(shí)間的推移改變多少。據(jù)估計(jì)，上世紀(jì)末(此處應(yīng)為作者筆誤，應(yīng)為上上個(gè)世紀(jì)4)有85%的文職工作是由男人做的，而他們的薪水是做同樣工作的女性的兩倍。這些男人將這份工作作為攀登職業(yè)生涯階梯的第一步—從初級(jí)管理職位干起，最終成為白領(lǐng)。 As more women entered the workforce, the field began to shift. But female secretaries rarely made the jump from office peon to executive, and a "secretary" came to look like the smartly dressed girls we see on "Mad Men." Around the same time, teaching schoolchildren was also a male-dominated profession, until the work became "feminized" and men backed away, slowly, into the bushes. 隨著更多的女性進(jìn)入職場(chǎng)，這一領(lǐng)域開(kāi)始發(fā)生了變化。但是女秘書(shū)很少能從辦公室雇員一躍成為經(jīng)理管理人員，也沒(méi)有哪一位秘書(shū)能如我們?cè)凇稄V告狂人》(Mad Men)里所看到的、的那些女孩兒那樣，衣著時(shí)髦得體。差不多同時(shí)，小學(xué)老師也是一個(gè)男性占主導(dǎo)的職業(yè)，直到這一工作變得“女性化”，男人們慢慢退出這一工作領(lǐng)域，最終從業(yè)者寥寥無(wú)幾。各地學(xué)校 子機(jī)構(gòu) 網(wǎng)站導(dǎo)航 設(shè)為首頁(yè)我的新東方 選擇去向 登錄注冊(cè) 首頁(yè)學(xué)前小學(xué)中學(xué)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)留學(xué)小語(yǔ)種職業(yè)學(xué)吧問(wèn)吧論壇圖吧視頻網(wǎng)上報(bào)名下載中心
新東方 英語(yǔ)新東方網(wǎng) > 英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) > 英語(yǔ)閱讀 > 雙語(yǔ)新聞 > 身體奧秘 > 文章正文 九大事實(shí)證明：傳統(tǒng)的性別角色?胡扯！ 分享到： 2014-04-28 15:03 作者： 來(lái)源：滬江 字號(hào)：T|T
摘要：誰(shuí)說(shuō)高跟鞋和蕾絲是女人的專(zhuān)利？誰(shuí)說(shuō)只有女人會(huì)哭哭啼啼，男人則“有淚不輕彈”？誰(shuí)說(shuō)啦啦隊(duì)里清一色的都是妹紙？你可知道男人也曾癡迷高跟鞋與蕾絲，并引以為傲？你可知道情到深處，男人也會(huì)潸然淚下？
Lace used to be manly. And womanly. So long as you were upper-class. No.4 過(guò)去，蕾絲適合男人，也適合女人。只要你屬于上層階級(jí)。 Much like the high-heeled shoe, lace was popularized in the European market around the 16th century as a status marker, Steele told HuffPost. The stuff was so intricately crafted that just an inch and a half of Valenciennes lace (one particularly labor-intensive variety) took 14 hours to produce -- and it came with a price to match. 斯蒂爾告訴《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》，和高跟鞋十分相像，16世紀(jì)左右，蕾絲作為身份的象征在歐洲市場(chǎng)大為流行。這種東西制作工藝極為復(fù)雜，即便只是制作一英寸半長(zhǎng)的瓦朗西安蕾絲(制作特別耗費(fèi)勞力的一種)也要花上14個(gè)小時(shí)—當(dāng)然，價(jià)格也相應(yīng)地不菲。 It was acceptable for men to wear lace through the 18th century, Steele explained, but the style died out around the 19th century. "A lot of decoration in clothing was interpreted as meaning 'aristocratic, upper class'" she explained, "and it becomes redefined around 1800 as meaning 'feminine.'" The same goes for the business of shopping for clothing fabric. "Men shopped quite happily for clothing right through the 18th century," she explained. “整個(gè)18世紀(jì)，男人穿蕾絲制成的衣服都是被接受的，”斯蒂爾解釋說(shuō)，“但這種風(fēng)尚在19世紀(jì)逐漸消失了。”“許多衣服上的裝飾都被解讀成‘貴族，上層階級(jí)’的象征，”她解釋說(shuō)，“1800年左右，蕾絲又被重新定義成‘女性化的東西?！辟I(mǎi)衣物布料這件事也一樣。“整個(gè)18世紀(jì)，男人們都十分樂(lè)于買(mǎi)衣服，”她解釋說(shuō)。 Even men used to cry when they wanted to seem sincere. No.5 過(guò)去，為了顯得真誠(chéng)，男人常常會(huì)哭。 A man's stoicism has always been a point of pride, up there with biceps and ability to drink his weight in beer -- right? Nope. 男人的堅(jiān)忍克己，再加上強(qiáng)健的肌肉以及能將與他們體重重量相當(dāng)?shù)钠【埔伙嫸M的氣魄總是令他們驕傲的一件事情—對(duì)嗎?并不是這樣的。 "Tearlessness," wrote historian Tom Lutz, "has not been the standard of manliness through most of history." Although men may be biologically inclined against crying, the act has been used over centuries by both genders to signify sincerity, pleasure or even heroism. Odysseus cries throughout the Iliad. Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Lutz wrote, considered crying part of our natural state. In the 18th century, crying was so normalized and even expected that "if you didn't cry at the theatre … you were some kind of lower class boor," he told the Orange County Register. Even American hero Abraham Lincoln cried at certain moments during his public speeches. “不流眼淚，”歷史學(xué)家湯姆•盧茨寫(xiě)道，“在大部分的歷史時(shí)間里，并不是判斷一個(gè)人男子氣概的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！北M管男人也許天生不愛(ài)哭，但幾百年來(lái)，兩性都用“哭”來(lái)表現(xiàn)真誠(chéng)，快樂(lè)甚至英雄氣概。盧茨寫(xiě)道，“在《伊利亞特》中，奧德修斯從頭哭到尾。讓•雅克 •盧梭認(rèn)為哭是我們自然狀態(tài)的一部分。”他告訴《橘郡紀(jì)事報(bào)》說(shuō)，“在18世紀(jì)，哭是一件很正常的事情，如果在劇場(chǎng)你不哭，就會(huì)被認(rèn)為是下層階級(jí)的粗人?！?甚至連美國(guó)的英雄亞伯拉罕•林肯，在做公開(kāi)演講時(shí)也曾數(shù)次動(dòng)容。 Cheerleading started out as a boys' club, because it was too "masculine" for girls. No.6 啦啦隊(duì)最初是一個(gè)男孩兒俱樂(lè)部，因?yàn)檫@對(duì)于女孩兒來(lái)說(shuō)太“男性化了”。 "The reputation of having been a valiant 'cheer-leader' is one of the most valuable things a boy can take away from college," reads a 1911 article in The Nation. Similar to actually playing collegiate sports, leading cheers for the team helped prepare students for leadership roles later in life, argued Mary Ellen Hanson in her history of American cheerleading. 1911年《國(guó)家》雜志上的一篇文章寫(xiě)道，“成為英勇的啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)會(huì)替一個(gè)男孩贏得榮譽(yù)，這是他可以帶出大學(xué)校園的最有價(jià)值的東西之一?！薄捌鋵?shí)，和參加大學(xué)體育比賽相似，率領(lǐng)隊(duì)員為隊(duì)伍加油幫助學(xué)生培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，為日后生活中他們所要擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色做準(zhǔn)備，”瑪麗•愛(ài)倫•漢森在講述美國(guó)啦啦隊(duì)歷史5時(shí)說(shuō)道。 The first cheerleader is said to be University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell, who convinced the crowd to follow his chanting lead during an 1898 game. His legacy was carried on by Dwight D. Eisenhower, Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan -- all cheerleaders. It wasn't until the 1920s and 1930s that women were really included (and not until the 1960s that it became female-dominated) since the sport was previously deemed too "masculine" for them, helping develop powerful, unladylike voices. Plus, they'd hear too much cursing hanging around all those manly male cheerleaders. 據(jù)說(shuō)，第一位啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)是明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的學(xué)生約翰尼• 坎貝爾。在1898年的一次比賽中，他說(shuō)服眾人聽(tīng)從他的指揮，呼喊加油。德懷特•艾森豪威爾，富蘭克林•羅斯福和羅納德•里根將他的這一“首創(chuàng)”延續(xù)了下去—三人都當(dāng)過(guò)啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。直到20世紀(jì)20年代和30年代女性才真正參與進(jìn)來(lái)(直到20世紀(jì)60年代她們才成為主導(dǎo))。這是因?yàn)橄惹叭藗冋J(rèn)為這一運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)太“男性化”，并且會(huì)促使她們發(fā)出有強(qiáng)力的，不那么淑女的聲音。此外，她們還得聽(tīng)那些“極具男子氣概”的男啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)的過(guò)分的咒罵。Respectable dudes used to wear their hair long, too. No.7 過(guò)去，值得尊敬的男人常常留長(zhǎng)發(fā)。 It wasn't just a Beatles shag, either -- the Merovingian kings of the early Middle Ages in Europe rocked long locks, and many others at the time followed suit. Men of the lowest classes, however, wore short hair or were made to shave it completely as a symbol of their low status. 不僅僅是披頭士留著蓬亂的長(zhǎng)發(fā)—?dú)W洲中世紀(jì)早期梅羅文加王朝的國(guó)王們也長(zhǎng)發(fā)搖曳，(當(dāng)時(shí))許多人紛紛效仿。然而，最底層階級(jí)的男人們卻留著短發(fā)，或者被要求將頭發(fā)完全剃光，來(lái)作為他們低微地位的象征。 Later on, 17th century men began wearing long wigs. Sure, it could have been because tons of people had syphilis, causing their hair to fall out in embarrassing patches, but long, thick hair became a status symbol anyway. King Louis XIV was particularly known for wearing a wig with rich, wavy tresses that were the envy of all the land, probably. 后來(lái)17世紀(jì)時(shí)，男人們開(kāi)始戴假的長(zhǎng)發(fā)。當(dāng)然，這可能是由于成千上萬(wàn)的人患了梅毒，致使他們的頭發(fā)脫落而呈令人尷尬的斑片狀6。但無(wú)論如何，又長(zhǎng)又厚的頭發(fā)已經(jīng)成為了地位的象征。國(guó)王路易十四尤以戴假的長(zhǎng)發(fā)而，整個(gè)國(guó)家的所有人都羨慕他茂密的波浪形長(zhǎng)發(fā)。 Both men and women can get kind of baby-crazy -- it just happens to men later in life. No.8 男人和女人都可能瘋狂地想要孩子—只不過(guò)對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種瘋狂來(lái)得晚一些。 Research by two Kansas State University psychologists in 2011 found that the urge to procreate -- often known as "baby fever" -- is strongest in women at younger ages, and decreases as they age. For men, however, likelihood of baby fever increases with age. "It's like men and women are converging over time," one of the researchers told LiveScience. "Gender role norms didn't do much as far as explaining people's desire to have a baby." 2011年堪薩斯州立大學(xué)兩名心理學(xué)家所做的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，女人們想要生孩子的沖動(dòng)—也就是人們平常所熟知的“孩子狂熱癥”在年輕的時(shí)候，隨著年齡的增加而減弱。然而對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，年齡越大，他們?cè)娇赡墀偪竦叵胍⒆??！半S著時(shí)間的推移，男人和女人(在要孩子這件事上)的觀點(diǎn)可能正趨向統(tǒng)一，”其中之一的研究者告訴《生活科學(xué)》雜志說(shuō)，“在解釋人們想要孩子的欲望時(shí)，性別角色的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不說(shuō)明多大問(wèn)題?！? Results of a 2013 survey of 81 women and 27 men in Britain suggested that while men were slightly less likely to express desire for children, they were more likely to feel depressed, jealous, or angry if they didn't have any. 在英國(guó)，2013年一項(xiàng)由81位女士和27位男士參與的調(diào)查的結(jié)果表明，盡管(同女人相比)，男人表達(dá)想要孩子欲望的可能性會(huì)稍稍小一些，但如果沒(méi)有孩子，他們會(huì)更容易感到壓抑，嫉妒或者生氣。 The art of brewing beer was pioneered by women. No.9 釀造啤酒的藝術(shù)是由女性開(kāi)創(chuàng)的。 Yes, the manliest man drink for manly men was primarily brewed, according to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, by the ladies. Brewing beer was seen as a domestic chore for much of history, like making bread and other things that came from grain, until the economy shifted into an industrial-based one and commercial breweries (run by men) took off. As a sad side effect, unique regional brews died out as large-scale production limited available varieties of beer. 是的，根據(jù)古老的埃及象形文字記載，具有陽(yáng)剛之氣的男人所喝的男子氣概的飲料最初是由女人釀造的。在很長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期里，釀造啤酒，同做面包和其他將糧食進(jìn)行加工的活計(jì)一樣，被認(rèn)為是家庭雜務(wù)。直到經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入工業(yè)化時(shí)代，商業(yè)啤酒廠(由男人經(jīng)營(yíng))開(kāi)始發(fā)展起來(lái)。可是，這也產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可悲的副作用：大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)限制了可生產(chǎn)的啤酒種類(lèi)，獨(dú)特的區(qū)域啤酒也就隨之消失了。 There's even a word, likely originating during the 12th century, for female brewers: "brewster." 甚至還有一個(gè)詞，很可能起源于12世紀(jì)，用來(lái)形容女性啤酒釀造者“brewster(啤酒釀造者)。”
Remember the good old days when men were men and women were women? You know, when the manliest of men wore their hair long and curly with their best high heels. 還記得昔日那美好的時(shí)光嗎?那時(shí)，男人還是男人，女人還是女人。你知道嗎?那時(shí)男子氣概的男人留著卷曲的長(zhǎng)發(fā)，穿著他們的高跟鞋。 Oh, maybe you were imagining a slightly different picture of modern gender? Consider the earring. Associated exclusively with women for about 200 years, guys have recently started to reclaim them. "In the last two decades," Valerie Steele, director of the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, told The Huffington Post, "men have gotten in touch with their inner pirate." 奧，也許剛剛你想象的現(xiàn)代性別圖景稍稍有些不同。想想耳飾吧。200年以來(lái)，人們只把耳飾同女性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，但最近，男人們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始重新佩戴耳飾了?！白罱陙?lái)，”紐約時(shí)裝技術(shù)學(xué)院博物館館長(zhǎng)瓦萊麗•斯蒂爾告訴《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》說(shuō)，“男人們已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到他們內(nèi)心的呼喚了?！? While there are real biological differences between the sexes, gender is generally considered to be a social construction -- it can be pretty much whatever we want it to be, and we've wanted it to be a lot of things over the years. Below, find some ways our perception of gender presentation has already changed from the past to present. 男女的確存在生理上的差異，但“性別”通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)社會(huì)概念—我們想怎么定義它，它就是什么樣的。這些年來(lái)，我們已經(jīng)賦予了它如此多的內(nèi)涵。下面的一些事實(shí)表明，從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在，我們對(duì)于性別表現(xiàn)的看法已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。 Pink used to be a "boy color" and blue a "girl color," and before that every baby just wore white. No.1 粉紅色曾經(jīng)是“男孩子的顏色”，藍(lán)色曾經(jīng)是“女孩兒的顏色”，而在此之前，每個(gè)寶寶都只穿白色的衣服。 Not so long ago, parents dressed their babies in white dresses -- due to the fact they could be bleached -- until about age six. Yes, even the boys. 曾幾何時(shí)，直到六歲之前，父母?jìng)兌冀o他們的寶寶穿白色的衣服—這是因?yàn)榘咨囊路杀黄?。即使男孩兒也是如此? Pastels came into style when a 1918 retail trade publication attempted to nail down the rules: pink for boys and blue for girls. "Being a more decided and stronger color, [pink] is more suitable for the boy," the article stated, "while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl." Whether or not people listened (and blatantly sexist rationale aside), they at least seemed to accept a much wider variety of color options for their infants until sometime around 1940, University of Maryland historian Jo B. Paoletti notes, when preferences switched to the color divide we're familiar with today. 1918年，一份零售的行業(yè)刊物2試圖確定這樣的慣例：粉紅色是男孩子的顏色，而藍(lán)色是女孩子的顏色。也就在那時(shí)，淺色開(kāi)始流行起來(lái)?！胺奂t色看起來(lái)更為果敢，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，更適合男孩子，”這篇文章寫(xiě)道，“藍(lán)色看起來(lái)更為雅致，秀氣，對(duì)女孩兒來(lái)說(shuō)更漂亮?！薄安徽撊藗冇袥](méi)有聽(tīng)從這一建議(當(dāng)時(shí)還有公然的性別歧視理論)，對(duì)于寶寶衣服顏色的選擇，他們可接受的范圍還是很廣的，至少看起來(lái)是如此，這種情況一直持續(xù)到1940年左右，”馬里蘭大學(xué)的歷史學(xué)家喬•B•保萊蒂提到，“到那時(shí)人們對(duì)于顏色的偏好才轉(zhuǎn)變成了今天我們所熟知的體現(xiàn)性別的顏色差異3?！? High heels were originally created for men and seen as "masculine" for a century. No.2 高跟鞋最初是為男人設(shè)計(jì)的。有一個(gè)世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為高跟鞋很具“陽(yáng)剛之氣”。 Persian soldiers wore high-heeled shoes in the name of necessity when riding horseback, since shooting an arrow from a saddle was easier with a heel to secure the foot in its strap. As the European elite became fascinated with the unfamiliar culture, men adopted the horsemen's masculine footwear for their own (totally impractical) use around 1600. After the (gasp!) lower classes began sporting heeled footwear, the leisure class responded as only they could -- by making the heel higher. 波斯士兵認(rèn)為騎馬的時(shí)候穿高跟鞋是必要的。這是因?yàn)楦吒苁鼓_牢牢地固定在腳蹬上，這樣在馬鞍上射箭會(huì)更容易。歐洲的名流們對(duì)這一陌生的文化著迷起來(lái)，大約在1600年左右，他們自己(完全不實(shí)際)也穿起了這種本屬于騎手的充滿陽(yáng)剛之氣的鞋。在下層階級(jí)開(kāi)始炫耀高跟鞋之后(大喘氣!)，上流階層隨之將鞋跟變高了，以此表示只有他們能這樣做。 But when women began adopting the style as well, men's shoe heels became stockier and shorter, while women's became thinner and higher. "Most of the time," Steele told HuffPost, "when something begins to be associated with the feminine, it gets kind of 'contaminated' for men." By the end of the 18th century, she noted, men were over the whole heeled shoe thing. If only they could've looked past the gender divide, they'd have seen a way to longer-looking legs and a perkier butt. 但當(dāng)女人們也開(kāi)始穿高跟鞋的時(shí)候，男人們的鞋跟就變得又短又粗，而女人們的鞋跟卻更細(xì)更高了。 “大多時(shí)候”，斯蒂爾對(duì)《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》說(shuō)，“對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，什么東西只要一同女性聯(lián)系起來(lái)，好像就被‘污染’了?！彼岬剑搅?8世紀(jì)末，男人們就完全不穿高跟鞋了。要是他們能看看過(guò)去的性別差異，他們?cè)缇湍苷业绞雇雀?xì)，*更翹的方法了。 At one time, secretaries and schoolteachers were all guys. No.3 曾經(jīng)，秘書(shū)和學(xué)校老師都是男人。 The term "women's work" is based on the idea that women are intrinsically less qualified for all but certain roles in the workforce; but what those roles are, exactly, has changed a bit over time. At the turn of the last century, an estimated 85 percent of clerical jobs were filled by men earning twice the salary of their female counterparts. These men usually used the job as an entry-level managerial position in their climb up the white-collar ladder. 詞語(yǔ)“女人的工作”的產(chǎn)生基于這樣一種觀念：在職場(chǎng)，除了某幾種工作外，女人天生不如男性(更能勝任工作);而這幾種工作的類(lèi)別，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，并沒(méi)有隨著時(shí)間的推移改變多少。據(jù)估計(jì)，上世紀(jì)末(此處應(yīng)為作者筆誤，應(yīng)為上上個(gè)世紀(jì)4)有85%的文職工作是由男人做的，而他們的薪水是做同樣工作的女性的兩倍。這些男人將這份工作作為攀登職業(yè)生涯階梯的第一步—從初級(jí)管理職位干起，最終成為白領(lǐng)。 As more women entered the workforce, the field began to shift. But female secretaries rarely made the jump from office peon to executive, and a "secretary" came to look like the smartly dressed girls we see on "Mad Men." Around the same time, teaching schoolchildren was also a male-dominated profession, until the work became "feminized" and men backed away, slowly, into the bushes. 隨著更多的女性進(jìn)入職場(chǎng)，這一領(lǐng)域開(kāi)始發(fā)生了變化。但是女秘書(shū)很少能從辦公室雇員一躍成為經(jīng)理管理人員，也沒(méi)有哪一位秘書(shū)能如我們?cè)凇稄V告狂人》(Mad Men)里所看到的、的那些女孩兒那樣，衣著時(shí)髦得體。差不多同時(shí)，小學(xué)老師也是一個(gè)男性占主導(dǎo)的職業(yè)，直到這一工作變得“女性化”，男人們慢慢退出這一工作領(lǐng)域，最終從業(yè)者寥寥無(wú)幾。各地學(xué)校 子機(jī)構(gòu) 網(wǎng)站導(dǎo)航 設(shè)為首頁(yè)我的新東方 選擇去向 登錄注冊(cè) 首頁(yè)學(xué)前小學(xué)中學(xué)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)留學(xué)小語(yǔ)種職業(yè)學(xué)吧問(wèn)吧論壇圖吧視頻網(wǎng)上報(bào)名下載中心
新東方 英語(yǔ)新東方網(wǎng) > 英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) > 英語(yǔ)閱讀 > 雙語(yǔ)新聞 > 身體奧秘 > 文章正文 九大事實(shí)證明：傳統(tǒng)的性別角色?胡扯！ 分享到： 2014-04-28 15:03 作者： 來(lái)源：滬江 字號(hào)：T|T
摘要：誰(shuí)說(shuō)高跟鞋和蕾絲是女人的專(zhuān)利？誰(shuí)說(shuō)只有女人會(huì)哭哭啼啼，男人則“有淚不輕彈”？誰(shuí)說(shuō)啦啦隊(duì)里清一色的都是妹紙？你可知道男人也曾癡迷高跟鞋與蕾絲，并引以為傲？你可知道情到深處，男人也會(huì)潸然淚下？
Lace used to be manly. And womanly. So long as you were upper-class. No.4 過(guò)去，蕾絲適合男人，也適合女人。只要你屬于上層階級(jí)。 Much like the high-heeled shoe, lace was popularized in the European market around the 16th century as a status marker, Steele told HuffPost. The stuff was so intricately crafted that just an inch and a half of Valenciennes lace (one particularly labor-intensive variety) took 14 hours to produce -- and it came with a price to match. 斯蒂爾告訴《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》，和高跟鞋十分相像，16世紀(jì)左右，蕾絲作為身份的象征在歐洲市場(chǎng)大為流行。這種東西制作工藝極為復(fù)雜，即便只是制作一英寸半長(zhǎng)的瓦朗西安蕾絲(制作特別耗費(fèi)勞力的一種)也要花上14個(gè)小時(shí)—當(dāng)然，價(jià)格也相應(yīng)地不菲。 It was acceptable for men to wear lace through the 18th century, Steele explained, but the style died out around the 19th century. "A lot of decoration in clothing was interpreted as meaning 'aristocratic, upper class'" she explained, "and it becomes redefined around 1800 as meaning 'feminine.'" The same goes for the business of shopping for clothing fabric. "Men shopped quite happily for clothing right through the 18th century," she explained. “整個(gè)18世紀(jì)，男人穿蕾絲制成的衣服都是被接受的，”斯蒂爾解釋說(shuō)，“但這種風(fēng)尚在19世紀(jì)逐漸消失了。”“許多衣服上的裝飾都被解讀成‘貴族，上層階級(jí)’的象征，”她解釋說(shuō)，“1800年左右，蕾絲又被重新定義成‘女性化的東西?！辟I(mǎi)衣物布料這件事也一樣。“整個(gè)18世紀(jì)，男人們都十分樂(lè)于買(mǎi)衣服，”她解釋說(shuō)。 Even men used to cry when they wanted to seem sincere. No.5 過(guò)去，為了顯得真誠(chéng)，男人常常會(huì)哭。 A man's stoicism has always been a point of pride, up there with biceps and ability to drink his weight in beer -- right? Nope. 男人的堅(jiān)忍克己，再加上強(qiáng)健的肌肉以及能將與他們體重重量相當(dāng)?shù)钠【埔伙嫸M的氣魄總是令他們驕傲的一件事情—對(duì)嗎?并不是這樣的。 "Tearlessness," wrote historian Tom Lutz, "has not been the standard of manliness through most of history." Although men may be biologically inclined against crying, the act has been used over centuries by both genders to signify sincerity, pleasure or even heroism. Odysseus cries throughout the Iliad. Jean-Jacque Rousseau, Lutz wrote, considered crying part of our natural state. In the 18th century, crying was so normalized and even expected that "if you didn't cry at the theatre … you were some kind of lower class boor," he told the Orange County Register. Even American hero Abraham Lincoln cried at certain moments during his public speeches. “不流眼淚，”歷史學(xué)家湯姆•盧茨寫(xiě)道，“在大部分的歷史時(shí)間里，并不是判斷一個(gè)人男子氣概的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！北M管男人也許天生不愛(ài)哭，但幾百年來(lái)，兩性都用“哭”來(lái)表現(xiàn)真誠(chéng)，快樂(lè)甚至英雄氣概。盧茨寫(xiě)道，“在《伊利亞特》中，奧德修斯從頭哭到尾。讓•雅克 •盧梭認(rèn)為哭是我們自然狀態(tài)的一部分。”他告訴《橘郡紀(jì)事報(bào)》說(shuō)，“在18世紀(jì)，哭是一件很正常的事情，如果在劇場(chǎng)你不哭，就會(huì)被認(rèn)為是下層階級(jí)的粗人?！?甚至連美國(guó)的英雄亞伯拉罕•林肯，在做公開(kāi)演講時(shí)也曾數(shù)次動(dòng)容。 Cheerleading started out as a boys' club, because it was too "masculine" for girls. No.6 啦啦隊(duì)最初是一個(gè)男孩兒俱樂(lè)部，因?yàn)檫@對(duì)于女孩兒來(lái)說(shuō)太“男性化了”。 "The reputation of having been a valiant 'cheer-leader' is one of the most valuable things a boy can take away from college," reads a 1911 article in The Nation. Similar to actually playing collegiate sports, leading cheers for the team helped prepare students for leadership roles later in life, argued Mary Ellen Hanson in her history of American cheerleading. 1911年《國(guó)家》雜志上的一篇文章寫(xiě)道，“成為英勇的啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)會(huì)替一個(gè)男孩贏得榮譽(yù)，這是他可以帶出大學(xué)校園的最有價(jià)值的東西之一?！薄捌鋵?shí)，和參加大學(xué)體育比賽相似，率領(lǐng)隊(duì)員為隊(duì)伍加油幫助學(xué)生培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，為日后生活中他們所要擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色做準(zhǔn)備，”瑪麗•愛(ài)倫•漢森在講述美國(guó)啦啦隊(duì)歷史5時(shí)說(shuō)道。 The first cheerleader is said to be University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell, who convinced the crowd to follow his chanting lead during an 1898 game. His legacy was carried on by Dwight D. Eisenhower, Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan -- all cheerleaders. It wasn't until the 1920s and 1930s that women were really included (and not until the 1960s that it became female-dominated) since the sport was previously deemed too "masculine" for them, helping develop powerful, unladylike voices. Plus, they'd hear too much cursing hanging around all those manly male cheerleaders. 據(jù)說(shuō)，第一位啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)是明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的學(xué)生約翰尼• 坎貝爾。在1898年的一次比賽中，他說(shuō)服眾人聽(tīng)從他的指揮，呼喊加油。德懷特•艾森豪威爾，富蘭克林•羅斯福和羅納德•里根將他的這一“首創(chuàng)”延續(xù)了下去—三人都當(dāng)過(guò)啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。直到20世紀(jì)20年代和30年代女性才真正參與進(jìn)來(lái)(直到20世紀(jì)60年代她們才成為主導(dǎo))。這是因?yàn)橄惹叭藗冋J(rèn)為這一運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)太“男性化”，并且會(huì)促使她們發(fā)出有強(qiáng)力的，不那么淑女的聲音。此外，她們還得聽(tīng)那些“極具男子氣概”的男啦啦隊(duì)長(zhǎng)的過(guò)分的咒罵。Respectable dudes used to wear their hair long, too. No.7 過(guò)去，值得尊敬的男人常常留長(zhǎng)發(fā)。 It wasn't just a Beatles shag, either -- the Merovingian kings of the early Middle Ages in Europe rocked long locks, and many others at the time followed suit. Men of the lowest classes, however, wore short hair or were made to shave it completely as a symbol of their low status. 不僅僅是披頭士留著蓬亂的長(zhǎng)發(fā)—?dú)W洲中世紀(jì)早期梅羅文加王朝的國(guó)王們也長(zhǎng)發(fā)搖曳，(當(dāng)時(shí))許多人紛紛效仿。然而，最底層階級(jí)的男人們卻留著短發(fā)，或者被要求將頭發(fā)完全剃光，來(lái)作為他們低微地位的象征。 Later on, 17th century men began wearing long wigs. Sure, it could have been because tons of people had syphilis, causing their hair to fall out in embarrassing patches, but long, thick hair became a status symbol anyway. King Louis XIV was particularly known for wearing a wig with rich, wavy tresses that were the envy of all the land, probably. 后來(lái)17世紀(jì)時(shí)，男人們開(kāi)始戴假的長(zhǎng)發(fā)。當(dāng)然，這可能是由于成千上萬(wàn)的人患了梅毒，致使他們的頭發(fā)脫落而呈令人尷尬的斑片狀6。但無(wú)論如何，又長(zhǎng)又厚的頭發(fā)已經(jīng)成為了地位的象征。國(guó)王路易十四尤以戴假的長(zhǎng)發(fā)而，整個(gè)國(guó)家的所有人都羨慕他茂密的波浪形長(zhǎng)發(fā)。 Both men and women can get kind of baby-crazy -- it just happens to men later in life. No.8 男人和女人都可能瘋狂地想要孩子—只不過(guò)對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種瘋狂來(lái)得晚一些。 Research by two Kansas State University psychologists in 2011 found that the urge to procreate -- often known as "baby fever" -- is strongest in women at younger ages, and decreases as they age. For men, however, likelihood of baby fever increases with age. "It's like men and women are converging over time," one of the researchers told LiveScience. "Gender role norms didn't do much as far as explaining people's desire to have a baby." 2011年堪薩斯州立大學(xué)兩名心理學(xué)家所做的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，女人們想要生孩子的沖動(dòng)—也就是人們平常所熟知的“孩子狂熱癥”在年輕的時(shí)候，隨著年齡的增加而減弱。然而對(duì)于男人來(lái)說(shuō)，年齡越大，他們?cè)娇赡墀偪竦叵胍⒆??！半S著時(shí)間的推移，男人和女人(在要孩子這件事上)的觀點(diǎn)可能正趨向統(tǒng)一，”其中之一的研究者告訴《生活科學(xué)》雜志說(shuō)，“在解釋人們想要孩子的欲望時(shí)，性別角色的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不說(shuō)明多大問(wèn)題?！? Results of a 2013 survey of 81 women and 27 men in Britain suggested that while men were slightly less likely to express desire for children, they were more likely to feel depressed, jealous, or angry if they didn't have any. 在英國(guó)，2013年一項(xiàng)由81位女士和27位男士參與的調(diào)查的結(jié)果表明，盡管(同女人相比)，男人表達(dá)想要孩子欲望的可能性會(huì)稍稍小一些，但如果沒(méi)有孩子，他們會(huì)更容易感到壓抑，嫉妒或者生氣。 The art of brewing beer was pioneered by women. No.9 釀造啤酒的藝術(shù)是由女性開(kāi)創(chuàng)的。 Yes, the manliest man drink for manly men was primarily brewed, according to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, by the ladies. Brewing beer was seen as a domestic chore for much of history, like making bread and other things that came from grain, until the economy shifted into an industrial-based one and commercial breweries (run by men) took off. As a sad side effect, unique regional brews died out as large-scale production limited available varieties of beer. 是的，根據(jù)古老的埃及象形文字記載，具有陽(yáng)剛之氣的男人所喝的男子氣概的飲料最初是由女人釀造的。在很長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)期里，釀造啤酒，同做面包和其他將糧食進(jìn)行加工的活計(jì)一樣，被認(rèn)為是家庭雜務(wù)。直到經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入工業(yè)化時(shí)代，商業(yè)啤酒廠(由男人經(jīng)營(yíng))開(kāi)始發(fā)展起來(lái)。可是，這也產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可悲的副作用：大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)限制了可生產(chǎn)的啤酒種類(lèi)，獨(dú)特的區(qū)域啤酒也就隨之消失了。 There's even a word, likely originating during the 12th century, for female brewers: "brewster." 甚至還有一個(gè)詞，很可能起源于12世紀(jì)，用來(lái)形容女性啤酒釀造者“brewster(啤酒釀造者)。”