★以下是英文寫作翻譯頻道為大家整理的《考研必英語閱讀翻譯》，供大家參考。
The 8 language differences between the second stumbling block is obvious, almost needless to say this is the language. Vocabulary, grammar, idioms, slang, dialects and so on will make communication difficult, but difficult to use a new language at least aware of the language of the trouble. The more serious problem is that cling to a meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of implicature and context. The meaning of changing phenomenon, especially coupled with the tone of ups and tonal element, it is more difficult to grasp, that is often ignore. Over this question simply translated foreign words worse, because everyone thinks they understand a foreign language. Khrushchev's words, "we will bury you" is a national misunderstanding n.. Even "yes" or "no" the two words are likely to cause trouble. When a Japanese asked "you don't want to drink tea?" , he (or she) to listen to the sentence literally, then answer "no", meaning he (or she) want to. In fact, "yes, I do not want to" might be a better answer, because of the way can the owner that this may answer contradictory and this misunderstanding. Of course, in some cultures, refused to host two times before providing refreshments is polite. However, many foreign guests will eventually feel hungry, because their America master never active third providing refreshments -- another "no" means "yes" situation. 9 non linguistic misunderstanding most foreign visitors think that learning a language, the only obstacle to their understanding, but in fact this is just the beginning. The third stumbling block is the non linguistic misunderstanding. People from different cultures live in different sensory reality, their vision, hearing, feeling and the sense of smell to focus only on those that are meaningful to them or is something important. They only mention fine those suitable for their recognition of the personal thing in the world, and then according to their own culture as a reference system to explain. For example: a Saudi Arabia will signal smoothing his hair this non language to express his love for a girl, and for a USA girls, this is just a does not represent any messages common nervous gestures. 10, because of the lack of correct understanding of non language symbols and symbol of the common gestures, posture and other body movements such easy to be observed, hinder the normal communication. However, there may be learning about these observable information, usually through informal and formal approaches do not learn. It is more difficult to correctly understand the connotation of other far not aware of the cultural norm, for example on the temporal and spatial relations processing and respect of formality. 11 First impressions are strongest and stylized thinking phenomenon fourth stumbling block is the idea and programming thinking phenomenon First impressions are strongest. If we Japanese have first "incomprehensible" prejudice, then we would be so interpreted always hung in Japanese face be inopportune or inappropriate smile. The Arabs "excitable" stylized image, will lead to USA students to keep distance with them, or when a group of lively lively from the Middle East, people gathered together, America students even will alert the authorities take care. If a professor from Indonesia, Mexico and some other countries each student "love for a supply of sth.", so it might not be fair to these international students hesitate or request understood as they try to use preferential treatment. 12 stylized thinking helps achieve Ernest Becker said anxiety prone human must do, that is by making the world become predictable to reduce unknown threats. Show a predictable in sight, determine the direction to the people of the world, this is indeed one of the basic functions of culture. Stereotypes are over generalized, secondhand beliefs, provides the basic concept, on the basis of "clear" we happened around me, whether these beliefs are correct, whether to conform to the actual situation. In a foreign country, using them will enhance the sense of security for us, is psychologically necessary -- as long as we can't tolerate ambiguity, unable to tolerate because they can not understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension and feel helpless. 13 stylized thinking is a stumbling block to the exchange, because it prevents the things objectively observe -- people will search for clues to sensitive, guide our imagination is more close to the reality of other people. Stylized thinking is not easily overcome in his body, and also difficult to correct on others, or even commit a crime it knowingly. The reason is difficult to eliminate because of ingrained stylized thinking this national culture, has become a myth or axioms, because sometimes it is the prejudice rationalization. Selective cognition those new information accords with the existing image tendency, also maintain and enrich these stylized thinking. 8．語言差異 第二個(gè)絆腳石顯而易見，幾乎不用說了—這就是語言。詞匯、語法、俗語、俚語、方言等等都會(huì)造成交流困難，但是艱難地使用一種新語言的人至少會(huì)意識(shí)到語言上的麻煩。更糟糕的問題是死死抱住新語言中一個(gè)詞匯或短語的一種意義，而不顧隱含義和語境。詞意多變的現(xiàn)象，尤其再加上了語調(diào)起伏和音調(diào)元素，就更難以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理。這個(gè)問題之所比簡(jiǎn)單地翻譯外文單詞更糟糕，是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都以為自己理解外語。赫魯曉夫的名言“我們將要埋葬你”便是全國(guó)性誤解的經(jīng)典例句。甚至“是”或“不是”這兩個(gè)詞都可能造成麻煩。當(dāng)一個(gè)日本人被問到“你不想要喝點(diǎn)茶嗎？”，他（或 她）聽出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他（或她）想要。其實(shí)“是的，我不想要”也許是一個(gè)更好的回答，因?yàn)檫@種前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人這之中可能存在誤解。當(dāng)然，在一些文化中，拒絕主人前兩次提供的茶點(diǎn)是禮貌的行為。但是，許多外國(guó)客人最終會(huì)感到饑餓，因?yàn)樗麄兊拿绹?guó)主人從不主動(dòng)第三次提供茶點(diǎn)——另外一種“不”就意味著“是”的情況。 9．非語言的誤解 絕大多數(shù)外國(guó)訪問者認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)語言，對(duì)他們理解的障礙，但實(shí)際上這只是個(gè)開始。第三個(gè)絆腳石是非語言的誤解。來自不同文化背景的人們生活在不同的感官現(xiàn)實(shí)中，他們的視覺、聽覺、感覺和嗅覺只關(guān)注于那些對(duì)他們有意義的或是重要的事物。他們只提精出那些適合他們認(rèn)可的個(gè)人世界的東西，然后按照他們自身文化為參考系來加以解釋。例如：一個(gè)沙特阿拉伯人會(huì)用撫平他的頭發(fā)這種非語言的信號(hào)來表達(dá)他喜歡一個(gè)女孩，而對(duì)于一個(gè)美國(guó)女孩而言，這只是一個(gè)不代表任何訊息的普通的緊張的手勢(shì)罷了。 10、 由于缺乏對(duì)常見的手勢(shì)、姿態(tài)和身體其他運(yùn)動(dòng)這樣一類易于觀察到的非語言符號(hào)和象征的正確理解，阻礙了正常的交流。但是，有可能學(xué)習(xí)了解這些可觀察的信息，通常是通過非正式的而不正式的途徑學(xué)習(xí)了解。更困難的是如何正確理解那些遠(yuǎn)未意識(shí)到的其他文化中含蓄的準(zhǔn)則，例如對(duì)時(shí)空關(guān)系的處理和尊重禮節(jié)的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。 11．先入為主和程式化思維的現(xiàn)象 第四個(gè)絆腳石是先入為主的觀念和程式思維現(xiàn)象。如果我們對(duì)日本人先有了“難以理解的”成見，那么我們就會(huì)如此地解釋始終掛在日本人臉上的不合時(shí)宜的微笑。阿拉伯人“易激動(dòng)的”程式化形象，會(huì)導(dǎo)致美國(guó)學(xué)生與他們保持距離，或是當(dāng)一群活潑的熱鬧的來自中東地區(qū)的人們聚集在一起時(shí)，美國(guó)學(xué)生甚至?xí)嵝?當(dāng)心。如果一位教授認(rèn)為來自印度尼西亞、墨西哥和一些其他國(guó)家的每名學(xué)生都“愛討價(jià)還價(jià)”，那么可能會(huì)不公平地把這些國(guó)際學(xué)生的遲疑或請(qǐng)求理解為他們?cè)噲D利用優(yōu)先對(duì)待。 12．程式化思維有助于做到歐尼斯特·貝克爾所說的易焦慮的人類必須做到的事情，即通過使世界變得可預(yù)知來減少未知的威脅。在眼前展現(xiàn)一個(gè)可預(yù)知的，給個(gè)人確定方向的世界，這的確是文化的基本功能之一。思維定式是過度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基礎(chǔ)，在此基礎(chǔ)上“弄清楚”我們身邊發(fā)生事情，無論這些信念是否正確，是否符合實(shí)際情形。在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)，運(yùn)用它們會(huì)增強(qiáng)我們的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我們無法容忍歧義，無法容忍因不能了解并處理那些超出我們理解的人或情況而感到的無助。 13．程式化思維是交流者的絆腳石，因?yàn)樗械K于對(duì)事物的客觀觀察--人們會(huì)敏感地搜尋線索，引導(dǎo)我們的想象更接近于其他人現(xiàn)實(shí)。程式化思維在自己身上不易克服，在他人身上也難以糾正，甚至?xí)髦史浮３淌交季S之所以難以消除是因?yàn)楸久褡逅幕懈畹俟?，已成為神話或公理，是因?yàn)樗袝r(shí)使偏見合理化了。有選擇地認(rèn)知那些符合已有形象的新信息的傾向，也維持并充實(shí)著這些程式化思維。
The 8 language differences between the second stumbling block is obvious, almost needless to say this is the language. Vocabulary, grammar, idioms, slang, dialects and so on will make communication difficult, but difficult to use a new language at least aware of the language of the trouble. The more serious problem is that cling to a meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of implicature and context. The meaning of changing phenomenon, especially coupled with the tone of ups and tonal element, it is more difficult to grasp, that is often ignore. Over this question simply translated foreign words worse, because everyone thinks they understand a foreign language. Khrushchev's words, "we will bury you" is a national misunderstanding n.. Even "yes" or "no" the two words are likely to cause trouble. When a Japanese asked "you don't want to drink tea?" , he (or she) to listen to the sentence literally, then answer "no", meaning he (or she) want to. In fact, "yes, I do not want to" might be a better answer, because of the way can the owner that this may answer contradictory and this misunderstanding. Of course, in some cultures, refused to host two times before providing refreshments is polite. However, many foreign guests will eventually feel hungry, because their America master never active third providing refreshments -- another "no" means "yes" situation. 9 non linguistic misunderstanding most foreign visitors think that learning a language, the only obstacle to their understanding, but in fact this is just the beginning. The third stumbling block is the non linguistic misunderstanding. People from different cultures live in different sensory reality, their vision, hearing, feeling and the sense of smell to focus only on those that are meaningful to them or is something important. They only mention fine those suitable for their recognition of the personal thing in the world, and then according to their own culture as a reference system to explain. For example: a Saudi Arabia will signal smoothing his hair this non language to express his love for a girl, and for a USA girls, this is just a does not represent any messages common nervous gestures. 10, because of the lack of correct understanding of non language symbols and symbol of the common gestures, posture and other body movements such easy to be observed, hinder the normal communication. However, there may be learning about these observable information, usually through informal and formal approaches do not learn. It is more difficult to correctly understand the connotation of other far not aware of the cultural norm, for example on the temporal and spatial relations processing and respect of formality. 11 First impressions are strongest and stylized thinking phenomenon fourth stumbling block is the idea and programming thinking phenomenon First impressions are strongest. If we Japanese have first "incomprehensible" prejudice, then we would be so interpreted always hung in Japanese face be inopportune or inappropriate smile. The Arabs "excitable" stylized image, will lead to USA students to keep distance with them, or when a group of lively lively from the Middle East, people gathered together, America students even will alert the authorities take care. If a professor from Indonesia, Mexico and some other countries each student "love for a supply of sth.", so it might not be fair to these international students hesitate or request understood as they try to use preferential treatment. 12 stylized thinking helps achieve Ernest Becker said anxiety prone human must do, that is by making the world become predictable to reduce unknown threats. Show a predictable in sight, determine the direction to the people of the world, this is indeed one of the basic functions of culture. Stereotypes are over generalized, secondhand beliefs, provides the basic concept, on the basis of "clear" we happened around me, whether these beliefs are correct, whether to conform to the actual situation. In a foreign country, using them will enhance the sense of security for us, is psychologically necessary -- as long as we can't tolerate ambiguity, unable to tolerate because they can not understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension and feel helpless. 13 stylized thinking is a stumbling block to the exchange, because it prevents the things objectively observe -- people will search for clues to sensitive, guide our imagination is more close to the reality of other people. Stylized thinking is not easily overcome in his body, and also difficult to correct on others, or even commit a crime it knowingly. The reason is difficult to eliminate because of ingrained stylized thinking this national culture, has become a myth or axioms, because sometimes it is the prejudice rationalization. Selective cognition those new information accords with the existing image tendency, also maintain and enrich these stylized thinking. 8．語言差異 第二個(gè)絆腳石顯而易見，幾乎不用說了—這就是語言。詞匯、語法、俗語、俚語、方言等等都會(huì)造成交流困難，但是艱難地使用一種新語言的人至少會(huì)意識(shí)到語言上的麻煩。更糟糕的問題是死死抱住新語言中一個(gè)詞匯或短語的一種意義，而不顧隱含義和語境。詞意多變的現(xiàn)象，尤其再加上了語調(diào)起伏和音調(diào)元素，就更難以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理。這個(gè)問題之所比簡(jiǎn)單地翻譯外文單詞更糟糕，是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都以為自己理解外語。赫魯曉夫的名言“我們將要埋葬你”便是全國(guó)性誤解的經(jīng)典例句。甚至“是”或“不是”這兩個(gè)詞都可能造成麻煩。當(dāng)一個(gè)日本人被問到“你不想要喝點(diǎn)茶嗎？”，他（或 她）聽出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他（或她）想要。其實(shí)“是的，我不想要”也許是一個(gè)更好的回答，因?yàn)檫@種前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人這之中可能存在誤解。當(dāng)然，在一些文化中，拒絕主人前兩次提供的茶點(diǎn)是禮貌的行為。但是，許多外國(guó)客人最終會(huì)感到饑餓，因?yàn)樗麄兊拿绹?guó)主人從不主動(dòng)第三次提供茶點(diǎn)——另外一種“不”就意味著“是”的情況。 9．非語言的誤解 絕大多數(shù)外國(guó)訪問者認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)語言，對(duì)他們理解的障礙，但實(shí)際上這只是個(gè)開始。第三個(gè)絆腳石是非語言的誤解。來自不同文化背景的人們生活在不同的感官現(xiàn)實(shí)中，他們的視覺、聽覺、感覺和嗅覺只關(guān)注于那些對(duì)他們有意義的或是重要的事物。他們只提精出那些適合他們認(rèn)可的個(gè)人世界的東西，然后按照他們自身文化為參考系來加以解釋。例如：一個(gè)沙特阿拉伯人會(huì)用撫平他的頭發(fā)這種非語言的信號(hào)來表達(dá)他喜歡一個(gè)女孩，而對(duì)于一個(gè)美國(guó)女孩而言，這只是一個(gè)不代表任何訊息的普通的緊張的手勢(shì)罷了。 10、 由于缺乏對(duì)常見的手勢(shì)、姿態(tài)和身體其他運(yùn)動(dòng)這樣一類易于觀察到的非語言符號(hào)和象征的正確理解，阻礙了正常的交流。但是，有可能學(xué)習(xí)了解這些可觀察的信息，通常是通過非正式的而不正式的途徑學(xué)習(xí)了解。更困難的是如何正確理解那些遠(yuǎn)未意識(shí)到的其他文化中含蓄的準(zhǔn)則，例如對(duì)時(shí)空關(guān)系的處理和尊重禮節(jié)的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。 11．先入為主和程式化思維的現(xiàn)象 第四個(gè)絆腳石是先入為主的觀念和程式思維現(xiàn)象。如果我們對(duì)日本人先有了“難以理解的”成見，那么我們就會(huì)如此地解釋始終掛在日本人臉上的不合時(shí)宜的微笑。阿拉伯人“易激動(dòng)的”程式化形象，會(huì)導(dǎo)致美國(guó)學(xué)生與他們保持距離，或是當(dāng)一群活潑的熱鬧的來自中東地區(qū)的人們聚集在一起時(shí)，美國(guó)學(xué)生甚至?xí)嵝?當(dāng)心。如果一位教授認(rèn)為來自印度尼西亞、墨西哥和一些其他國(guó)家的每名學(xué)生都“愛討價(jià)還價(jià)”，那么可能會(huì)不公平地把這些國(guó)際學(xué)生的遲疑或請(qǐng)求理解為他們?cè)噲D利用優(yōu)先對(duì)待。 12．程式化思維有助于做到歐尼斯特·貝克爾所說的易焦慮的人類必須做到的事情，即通過使世界變得可預(yù)知來減少未知的威脅。在眼前展現(xiàn)一個(gè)可預(yù)知的，給個(gè)人確定方向的世界，這的確是文化的基本功能之一。思維定式是過度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基礎(chǔ)，在此基礎(chǔ)上“弄清楚”我們身邊發(fā)生事情，無論這些信念是否正確，是否符合實(shí)際情形。在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)，運(yùn)用它們會(huì)增強(qiáng)我們的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我們無法容忍歧義，無法容忍因不能了解并處理那些超出我們理解的人或情況而感到的無助。 13．程式化思維是交流者的絆腳石，因?yàn)樗械K于對(duì)事物的客觀觀察--人們會(huì)敏感地搜尋線索，引導(dǎo)我們的想象更接近于其他人現(xiàn)實(shí)。程式化思維在自己身上不易克服，在他人身上也難以糾正，甚至?xí)髦史浮３淌交季S之所以難以消除是因?yàn)楸久褡逅幕懈畹俟?，已成為神話或公理，是因?yàn)樗袝r(shí)使偏見合理化了。有選擇地認(rèn)知那些符合已有形象的新信息的傾向，也維持并充實(shí)著這些程式化思維。