新概念英語優(yōu)美短文Unit28:Changing Roles of Public Educa

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28 Changing Roles of Public Education One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate -- every thousand women aged1 fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920,89.2 in 1930,75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors2 during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid3 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated4 and inadequate5 school system. Consequently, the "custodial6 rhetoric"of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor7 market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen8 interested in education inevitably9 turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.
    公共教育的角色變化 一項重要的、有可能促使人們對公共教育的角色的看法發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的社會發(fā)展是本世紀五六十年代的生育高峰對學校的影響。 在20年代,尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中,美國經(jīng)歷了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個存活嬰兒,1930年89.2個,1936年75.8個,1940年80個。 隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長,年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結(jié)婚成家,而且比前輩養(yǎng)育更大的家庭。 1946年出生率上升到102%,1950年達106%,1955年達118%。 對于生育高峰,經(jīng)濟有可能是最重要的決定因素,但它并不是的解釋。 不斷受到重視的家庭觀念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。 到40年代中期為止,這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開始源源不斷地進入小學一年級。 到了1950年,就形成了一股洪流。 公共教育系統(tǒng)突然感到不堪重負了。 由于戰(zhàn)時和戰(zhàn)后的狀況,使得學齡兒童人數(shù)增加,這些狀況使得學校面對這股洪流更加措手不及。 戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟意味著在1940年到1950年間幾乎沒有建立新學校。 而且,在戰(zhàn)時和隨后的經(jīng)濟增長時期,大量的教師離開崗位去別處從事報酬更為優(yōu)厚的工作。 因此,在五六十年代,生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學校體系。 這樣一來,30年代以及40年代早期,"監(jiān)護理論"就不再有意義了。 也就是說,通過使16歲以上的年輕人留在學校不進入勞動力市場的做法再也不是教育機構(gòu)的優(yōu)先考慮了。 因為教育機構(gòu)不再能找到場地和教師來教育那些更小的5-16歲的孩子。 隨著生育高峰,教育者和圈外人士對教育的興趣和焦點,不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)向了更低的年級和基礎的學術技能和學科上。 這個系統(tǒng)不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長的年輕人提供非傳統(tǒng)的新式的和額外的服務
    1 aged
    adj.年老的,陳年的
    參考例句:
    He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了,也老點了。
    He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老,然而記憶力還好。
    2 predecessors
    n.前任( predecessor的名詞復數(shù) );前輩;(被取代的)原有事物;前身
    參考例句:
    The new government set about dismantling their predecessors' legislation. 新政府正著手廢除其前任所制定的法律。 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
    Will new plan be any more acceptable than its predecessors? 新計劃比原先的計劃更能令人滿意嗎? 來自《簡明英漢詞典》
    3 mid
    adj.中央的,中間的
    參考例句:
    Our mid-term exam is pending.我們就要期中考試了。
    He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年轉(zhuǎn)入教學工作。
    4 antiquated
    adj.陳舊的,過時的
    參考例句:
    Many factories are so antiquated they are not worth saving.很多工廠過于陳舊落后,已不值得挽救。
    A train of antiquated coaches was waiting for us at the siding.一列陳舊的火車在側(cè)線上等著我們。
    5 inadequate adj.(for,to)不充足的,不適當?shù)?BR>    參考例句:
    The supply is inadequate to meet the demand.供不應求。
    She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her.她還無力滿足對她提出的各項要求。
    6 custodial adj.監(jiān)護的,照管的
    參考例句:
    The teenagers were convicted of manslaughter and given a two-year custodial sentence. 這些青少年被判過失殺人罪,及二年的監(jiān)禁(拘留)刑罰。
    This article interrogates the cultural experience of being a non custodial mother. 本文審視一位無監(jiān)護權(quán)的母親所感受到的文化體驗。
    7 labor
    n.勞動,努力,工作,勞工;分娩;vi.勞動,努力,苦干;vt.詳細分析;麻煩
    參考例句:
    We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我們從不延誤付給他勞動報酬。
    He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艱苦勞動兩周后,他已經(jīng)疲憊不堪了。
    8 laymen
    門外漢,外行人( layman的名詞復數(shù) ); 普通教徒(有別于神職人員)
    參考例句:
    a book written for professionals and laymen alike 一本內(nèi)行外行都可以讀的書
    Avoid computer jargon when you write for laymen. 寫東西給一般人看時,應避免使用電腦術語。
    9 inevitably
    adv.不可避免地;必然發(fā)生地
    參考例句:
    In the way you go on,you are inevitably coming apart.照你們這樣下去,毫無疑問是會散伙的。
    Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.技術變革必然會導致失業(yè)。