3、將來(lái)時(shí)常用的表達(dá)方式
(1)單純將來(lái)時(shí)用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十歲了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十號(hào)。
(2)“be going to +動(dòng)詞原型 ”這種形式用于人時(shí)表示打算，意圖，也表示說(shuō)話者確信無(wú)疑;用于物時(shí)表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他們打算七月份結(jié)婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生說(shuō)他們打算明年買(mǎi)輛新車(chē)。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨。
Look!It’s going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
(3)“be to +動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示命令，安排，疑問(wèn)句中表示征求意見(jiàn)。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon. 總統(tǒng)今天下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)羅馬。
Am I to set to work? 要著手工作嗎?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/來(lái)嗎?
(4)“be about to +動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他們正出去的時(shí)候開(kāi)始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要揚(yáng)帆起航了。
(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來(lái)。主要是表示“來(lái)，去，留，住，開(kāi)始，結(jié)束 ”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我們星期五離開(kāi)巴黎，我們從倫敦機(jī)場(chǎng)出發(fā)。
The poor dog is dying. 那條可憐的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲劇就要結(jié)束了/開(kāi)始了。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響，是個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，不與明確表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用;常與 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+時(shí)間名詞，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前為止)，up till now (直到現(xiàn)在)， up to the present (直到現(xiàn)在) 等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀態(tài)語(yǔ)連用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去過(guò)哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前。如果發(fā)生有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)：
It is five years since I left middle school.(以現(xiàn)在為依據(jù)) 我離開(kāi)中學(xué)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以過(guò)去為依據(jù)) 我離開(kāi)中學(xué)到那時(shí)已經(jīng)有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他們已經(jīng)掙了兩千五百萬(wàn)美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始幾分鐘了他才到電*。
注意：動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他們本希望能來(lái)看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想過(guò)(或我本想)在那里見(jiàn)她。
6、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)也叫時(shí)態(tài)的一致，是指在復(fù)合句中，某些從句(主要是賓語(yǔ)從句等名詞性從句)的時(shí)態(tài)常受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，因而要注意主從句兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。
(1)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他說(shuō)他父親是(過(guò)去是，將來(lái)要做)一個(gè)教師。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他們會(huì)告訴你他們正住在上海/在上海住過(guò)/將住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
A. 從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I thought he studied hard. 我認(rèn)為他學(xué)習(xí)努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告訴我他兒子在看電視。
B. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他說(shuō)他將要寄這封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時(shí)候去參觀長(zhǎng)城。
C. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，從句須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他說(shuō)已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他們問(wèn)我以前去沒(méi)去過(guò)那里。
但是，如果從句有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，有時(shí)仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告訴我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他們說(shuō)昨天他們?nèi)繖z查過(guò)了。
另外，從句說(shuō)的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老師告訴學(xué)生們地球是圓的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告訴我你是個(gè)作家。
除了賓語(yǔ)從句外，其他名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)一般也要遵守這種時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)律。而狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句則是根據(jù)本身意思的需要選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)他媽媽是我們老師的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天沒(méi)有今天這樣熱。
(1)單純將來(lái)時(shí)用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十歲了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十號(hào)。
(2)“be going to +動(dòng)詞原型 ”這種形式用于人時(shí)表示打算，意圖，也表示說(shuō)話者確信無(wú)疑;用于物時(shí)表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他們打算七月份結(jié)婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生說(shuō)他們打算明年買(mǎi)輛新車(chē)。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨。
Look!It’s going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
(3)“be to +動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示命令，安排，疑問(wèn)句中表示征求意見(jiàn)。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon. 總統(tǒng)今天下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)羅馬。
Am I to set to work? 要著手工作嗎?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/來(lái)嗎?
(4)“be about to +動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他們正出去的時(shí)候開(kāi)始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要揚(yáng)帆起航了。
(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來(lái)。主要是表示“來(lái)，去，留，住，開(kāi)始，結(jié)束 ”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我們星期五離開(kāi)巴黎，我們從倫敦機(jī)場(chǎng)出發(fā)。
The poor dog is dying. 那條可憐的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲劇就要結(jié)束了/開(kāi)始了。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響，是個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，不與明確表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用;常與 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+時(shí)間名詞，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前為止)，up till now (直到現(xiàn)在)， up to the present (直到現(xiàn)在) 等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀態(tài)語(yǔ)連用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去過(guò)哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前。如果發(fā)生有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)：
It is five years since I left middle school.(以現(xiàn)在為依據(jù)) 我離開(kāi)中學(xué)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.(以過(guò)去為依據(jù)) 我離開(kāi)中學(xué)到那時(shí)已經(jīng)有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他們已經(jīng)掙了兩千五百萬(wàn)美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始幾分鐘了他才到電*。
注意：動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他們本希望能來(lái)看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想過(guò)(或我本想)在那里見(jiàn)她。
6、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)也叫時(shí)態(tài)的一致，是指在復(fù)合句中，某些從句(主要是賓語(yǔ)從句等名詞性從句)的時(shí)態(tài)常受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，因而要注意主從句兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。
(1)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)時(shí)，從句可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他說(shuō)他父親是(過(guò)去是，將來(lái)要做)一個(gè)教師。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他們會(huì)告訴你他們正住在上海/在上海住過(guò)/將住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2)主句是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
A. 從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I thought he studied hard. 我認(rèn)為他學(xué)習(xí)努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告訴我他兒子在看電視。
B. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他說(shuō)他將要寄這封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時(shí)候去參觀長(zhǎng)城。
C. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，從句須用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他說(shuō)已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他們問(wèn)我以前去沒(méi)去過(guò)那里。
但是，如果從句有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，有時(shí)仍用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告訴我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他們說(shuō)昨天他們?nèi)繖z查過(guò)了。
另外，從句說(shuō)的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老師告訴學(xué)生們地球是圓的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告訴我你是個(gè)作家。
除了賓語(yǔ)從句外，其他名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)一般也要遵守這種時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)律。而狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句則是根據(jù)本身意思的需要選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)他媽媽是我們老師的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天沒(méi)有今天這樣熱。