The Principles of International Trade國際貿易原理
1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons why international trade exists.
1、國際貿易是一個國家所生產的商品和服務和另一個國家所生產的商品和服務之間的交換。這樣做的原因是多方面的。
2.The distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.， whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Some products will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits，require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheat to meet the needs of its population. These are the reasons why international trade first began.
2、世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過了本身的需要，而別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲藏量很豐富，但是很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏;阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育過程中，氣候起到決定性的作用。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候。此外，有些國家的某個產品的生產不能滿足國內的巨大需求，例如英國的小麥就是這樣。這些就是國際貿易開始出現的原因。
3.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which had advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.
3、隨著制造業(yè)和技術的發(fā)展，出現了新的因素促使國家之間進行產品交換。人們發(fā)現，如果一個國家專門從事一定的生產活動，生產它擁有優(yōu)勢的產品，并用這些商品同在其他方面擁有優(yōu)勢的國家所生產的產品進行交換，那在經濟上是合算的。這種貿易是在比較優(yōu)勢原則的基礎上進行的。
4.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all. Even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply，as long as there are minor relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can 'have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs，a typist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal and typing matters. But the typist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.
4、比較優(yōu)勢學說又稱比較成本學說，是由大衛(wèi)_李嘉圖和其他19世紀的經濟學家所建立的。該理論指出，即使有某個國家能以較低的成本生產每一種商品，國家之間的貿易對所有國家仍會有好處。只要在生產一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對的差別，即使是窮國在生產上也會有比較優(yōu)勢。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當地予以說明。某城的律師同時也是的打字員。這個律師不能放棄他處理法律事務的寶貴時間，就雇用了一名打字員。這個打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師，但是這個打字員的相對劣勢在打字方面是最小的。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有比較優(yōu)勢。
5.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods to which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transposed around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.
5、這個原則是實行貿易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎。但是，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠也不會實現，即使從經濟的角度來看是有利的。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內的原因，一個國家可能仍然要生產它并不具有優(yōu)勢的產品。專業(yè)分工的好處也可能會受到運輸費用的影響，因為要在世界范圍內進行貨物和原料的運輸，運輸的費用使得貿易獲利的范圍縮小。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個障礙是可能采用人為的貿易壁壘，例如關稅和配額。
6.In addition to visible trade，which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
6、除了有形貿易(即指商品和貨物的進出口)以外，還有無形貿易。這是指國家之間服務的交換。
7.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment of a ship.
7、希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運船隊。提供運輸服務，這是無形貿易的一種。當一個出口商安排貨運時，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位。
8.The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus，insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development of Lloyd’ of London, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations，foreign trade.
8、謹慎的出口商為他的貨物運輸辦理保險。在海上，貨物會遇到各種危險。所以一些國家專門從事保險服務。由于倫敦勞埃德保險公司的發(fā)展，英國是這種服務的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對外貿易承擔保險而賺取費用。
9.Some nations possess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of tourists who spend money for hotel accommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.
9、有些國家沒有可供出口的初級產品或者制成品，但是這些國家風和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿易的另一種形式。
10.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.
10、無形貿易對一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對別的國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。
1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. There are several reasons why international trade exists.
1、國際貿易是一個國家所生產的商品和服務和另一個國家所生產的商品和服務之間的交換。這樣做的原因是多方面的。
2.The distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural deposits in excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example, Britain has large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.， whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else. In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Some products will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrus fruits，require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable to produce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large home demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheat to meet the needs of its population. These are the reasons why international trade first began.
2、世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過了本身的需要，而別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲藏量很豐富，但是很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏;阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育過程中，氣候起到決定性的作用。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候。此外，有些國家的某個產品的生產不能滿足國內的巨大需求，例如英國的小麥就是這樣。這些就是國際貿易開始出現的原因。
3.With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange their products. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specialize in certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations which had advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.
3、隨著制造業(yè)和技術的發(fā)展，出現了新的因素促使國家之間進行產品交換。人們發(fā)現，如果一個國家專門從事一定的生產活動，生產它擁有優(yōu)勢的產品，并用這些商品同在其他方面擁有優(yōu)勢的國家所生產的產品進行交換，那在經濟上是合算的。這種貿易是在比較優(yōu)勢原則的基礎上進行的。
4.The theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo and other economists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade between countries can be profitable for all. Even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply，as long as there are minor relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can 'have a comparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by this traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town. Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs，a typist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal and typing matters. But the typist’s comparative disadvantage is least in typing. Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.
4、比較優(yōu)勢學說又稱比較成本學說，是由大衛(wèi)_李嘉圖和其他19世紀的經濟學家所建立的。該理論指出，即使有某個國家能以較低的成本生產每一種商品，國家之間的貿易對所有國家仍會有好處。只要在生產一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對的差別，即使是窮國在生產上也會有比較優(yōu)勢。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當地予以說明。某城的律師同時也是的打字員。這個律師不能放棄他處理法律事務的寶貴時間，就雇用了一名打字員。這個打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師，但是這個打字員的相對劣勢在打字方面是最小的。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有比較優(yōu)勢。
5.This principle is the basis of specialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods to which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transposed around the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between which it will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.
5、這個原則是實行貿易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎。但是，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠也不會實現，即使從經濟的角度來看是有利的。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內的原因，一個國家可能仍然要生產它并不具有優(yōu)勢的產品。專業(yè)分工的好處也可能會受到運輸費用的影響，因為要在世界范圍內進行貨物和原料的運輸，運輸的費用使得貿易獲利的范圍縮小。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個障礙是可能采用人為的貿易壁壘，例如關稅和配額。
6.In addition to visible trade，which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.
6、除了有形貿易(即指商品和貨物的進出口)以外，還有無形貿易。這是指國家之間服務的交換。
7.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in the cargo compartment of a ship.
7、希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運船隊。提供運輸服務，這是無形貿易的一種。當一個出口商安排貨運時，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位。
8.The prudent exporter purchases insurance for his cargo’s voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers. Thus，insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development of Lloyd’ of London, is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations，foreign trade.
8、謹慎的出口商為他的貨物運輸辦理保險。在海上，貨物會遇到各種危險。所以一些國家專門從事保險服務。由于倫敦勞埃德保險公司的發(fā)展，英國是這種服務的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對外貿易承擔保險而賺取費用。
9.Some nations possess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods, but they have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers of tourists who spend money for hotel accommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.
9、有些國家沒有可供出口的初級產品或者制成品，但是這些國家風和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿易的另一種形式。
10.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buy necessities.
10、無形貿易對一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對別的國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。