職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試綜合類(lèi)閱讀理解英文及譯文：睡眠
我們都知道人們每天正?；顒?dòng)的周期是大約7~8小時(shí)的睡眠與大約16~17小時(shí)的清醒相交替。而且，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，睡眠通常與黑夜的長(zhǎng)短相一致。我們目前關(guān)心的是要改變這一周期可以多簡(jiǎn)單，并且可以改變到何種程度。
這不僅僅是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的學(xué)術(shù)問(wèn)題。例如，在工業(yè)上，在需要機(jī)器24小時(shí)連續(xù)工作的自動(dòng)化操作中，使人們從白天工作變?yōu)橥砩瞎ぷ髯兊迷絹?lái)越重要了。通常一個(gè)人需要五天至一周的時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)與常規(guī)生活顛倒的睡眠時(shí)間和清醒時(shí)間，即白天睡覺(jué)，晚上工作。不幸的是，在工業(yè)上，工作班次每星期都變換的事經(jīng)常發(fā)生；如一個(gè)人第一星期要從午夜12點(diǎn)工作到上午8點(diǎn)，下一個(gè)星期從上午點(diǎn)工作到下午休點(diǎn)，第三個(gè)星期又從下午休點(diǎn)工作到午夜以繼日2點(diǎn)等等。這就意味著，他剛剛習(xí)慣了一種方式又不得不改為另一種。因此，他的很多工作和休息時(shí)間都不能得到效率的利用。
讓每一班次都維持較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，一個(gè)月，甚至三個(gè)月，這似乎是一種解決方法。然而，荷蘭人邦杰近來(lái)的研究結(jié)果表明，按照這些體制工作的人在周末會(huì)恢復(fù)他們通常的睡眠和清醒的習(xí)慣。而這已足夠破壞其一周以來(lái)培養(yǎng)起來(lái)的對(duì)夜晚工作的適應(yīng)性。
惟一真正的解決方法看來(lái)是將晚班交給一組在所有周末和假日里都能保持夜間不困永久做晚班的人。布朗曾做過(guò)一個(gè)關(guān)于上晚班的工人的家庭生活和健康狀況的有趣的研究。她發(fā)現(xiàn)在那些早晚班換來(lái)?yè)Q去的人群中，失眠，消化系統(tǒng)紊亂和家庭分裂有較高的發(fā)生率，但是在那些永久做晚班的人中這種反常征兆卻沒(méi)有。
Sleep
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hour’s sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and the this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.
我們都知道人們每天正?；顒?dòng)的周期是大約7~8小時(shí)的睡眠與大約16~17小時(shí)的清醒相交替。而且，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，睡眠通常與黑夜的長(zhǎng)短相一致。我們目前關(guān)心的是要改變這一周期可以多簡(jiǎn)單，并且可以改變到何種程度。
這不僅僅是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的學(xué)術(shù)問(wèn)題。例如，在工業(yè)上，在需要機(jī)器24小時(shí)連續(xù)工作的自動(dòng)化操作中，使人們從白天工作變?yōu)橥砩瞎ぷ髯兊迷絹?lái)越重要了。通常一個(gè)人需要五天至一周的時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)與常規(guī)生活顛倒的睡眠時(shí)間和清醒時(shí)間，即白天睡覺(jué)，晚上工作。不幸的是，在工業(yè)上，工作班次每星期都變換的事經(jīng)常發(fā)生；如一個(gè)人第一星期要從午夜12點(diǎn)工作到上午8點(diǎn)，下一個(gè)星期從上午點(diǎn)工作到下午休點(diǎn)，第三個(gè)星期又從下午休點(diǎn)工作到午夜以繼日2點(diǎn)等等。這就意味著，他剛剛習(xí)慣了一種方式又不得不改為另一種。因此，他的很多工作和休息時(shí)間都不能得到效率的利用。
讓每一班次都維持較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，一個(gè)月，甚至三個(gè)月，這似乎是一種解決方法。然而，荷蘭人邦杰近來(lái)的研究結(jié)果表明，按照這些體制工作的人在周末會(huì)恢復(fù)他們通常的睡眠和清醒的習(xí)慣。而這已足夠破壞其一周以來(lái)培養(yǎng)起來(lái)的對(duì)夜晚工作的適應(yīng)性。
惟一真正的解決方法看來(lái)是將晚班交給一組在所有周末和假日里都能保持夜間不困永久做晚班的人。布朗曾做過(guò)一個(gè)關(guān)于上晚班的工人的家庭生活和健康狀況的有趣的研究。她發(fā)現(xiàn)在那些早晚班換來(lái)?yè)Q去的人群中，失眠，消化系統(tǒng)紊亂和家庭分裂有較高的發(fā)生率，但是在那些永久做晚班的人中這種反常征兆卻沒(méi)有。
Sleep
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hour’s sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
The question is no mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and the this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.