2017考研英語閱讀理解試題及解析(23)

    Everybody loves afat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleaguehas been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, youmight even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all toohuman”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not becapable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by SarahBrosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which hasjust been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well。
    The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchinmonkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, andthey share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good andservices” than males。
    Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. deWaal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys toexchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchangepieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed inseparate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other wasgetting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different。
    In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and muchpreferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange forher token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange atall, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of thechamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presenceof a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enoughto induce resentment in a female capuchin。
    The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, areguided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-livingspecies. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feelsit is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are notthe preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes thesefeelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether sucha sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whetherit stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is, as yet, an unanswered question。
    21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
    [A] posing a contrast。
    [B] justifying an assumption。
    [C]making a comparison。
    [D]explaining a phenomenon。
    22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that
    [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。
    [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。
    [C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。
    [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。
    23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research mostprobably because they are
    [A]more inclined to weigh what they get。
    [B]attentive to researchers’ instructions。
    [C]nice in both appearance and temperament。
    [D]more generous than their male companions。
    24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in theirstudy that the monkeys
    [A]prefer grapes to cucumbers。
    [B]can be taught to exchange things。
    [C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated。
    [D]are unhappy when separated from others。
    25. When can we infer from the last paragraph?
    [A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。
    [B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。
    [C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as human do。
    [D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。 　解析
    21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by 第一段，作者引入主題是通過
    [A] posing a contrast. 提出一個對照。
    [B] justifying an assumption. 證明假定是正確的。
    [C] making a comparison. 作出一個比較。
    [D] explaining a phenomenon 解釋一個現象。
    【答案】 C
    【考點】 寫作手法題。
    【分析】 從題目入手可以節(jié)約時間，增強閱讀目的性，有的放矢。第一題的題目告訴我們需要先確定主題。如前所述，一段文章的主題同樣可能就隱藏在一句關鍵的話中。從文章第一段講人會因為不公平而憤怒，推導動物會不會呢?有人認為不會，但是科學研究表明猴子同樣會。這就是關鍵句，這就是作者要討論的主題。[A]選項表示對比，相反或不同，可是文章說的是猴與人類似，所以不選。[B]選項原文提出的假定原本是人與猴不一樣，所以這個答案不對。[D]選項解釋現象，這個說法不能夠將開頭和主題的內在聯系結合起來。
    22. The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line, Paragraph l) implies that
    “太猴子化”(第一段后一行)這一說法的言下之意是
    [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals。
    猴子也會被懶散的競爭對手激怒。
    [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature。
    痛恨不公平也是猴子的本性。
    [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other。
    猴子和人一樣，也會彼此嫉妒。
    [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions。
    除了猴子以外，沒有動物能夠產生出這樣的感情。
    【答案】 B
    【考點】 推斷題。
    【分析】 由于題目表面看上去是問一個詞組的意思，所以很多人糾纏在字面意義上。實際上，考生只有先理解“all too human”然后才能夠理解“all too monkey”。[A]選項談到“猴子也會被懶散的競爭對手激怒?！蔽恼轮虚_篇的時候只是說人會被懶散的競爭對手激怒，沒有說動物也會被懶散的競爭對手激怒，所以不選。[C]選項說“猴子和人一樣，也會彼此嫉妒?！边@個選項是大的干擾項。在對文章經過仔細的閱讀后，考生可以發(fā)現，作者的主題就是要告訴大家“對不公平的痛恨猴子也會”。這個選項在程度上超過了我們的需要。[D]“除了猴子沒有動物能夠培養(yǎng)出這樣的感情?！边@個說法如果斷章取義也有可能會被錯選，但是只有結合上文的邏輯順序就能夠去除這個干擾項。
    23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research mostprobably because they are
    母卷尾猴有可能被選為研究對象的原因是它們
    [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 更加傾向于權衡它們之所得。
    [B] attentive to researchers’ instructions. 關注研究人員的指導。
    [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. 有好的外表和脾氣。
    [D] more generous than their male companions. 比公猴更加慷慨。
    【答案】 A
    【考點】 事實細節(jié)題。
    【分析】 第三段第一句“Suchcharacteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. dewaal’s study?！闭没卮鹆诉@個問題。考生應該立即意識到“such characteristics”指的是第二段中“They look cute(可愛). They are good-natured(脾氣好)，co-operative(合作)creatures, and they share their food readily(共享食物). Aboveall(重要的是)， like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closerattention to the value of ‘goods and services’than males?！比绻忌鷮笠痪湓捵屑氀芯恳幌?，就會發(fā)現這句話中的“密切關注它們獲得的東西”其實就是“權衡它們獲得的東西”的意思。而且這是首要的，有“above all”為證明。這里有一個閱讀技巧，即注意“such”一詞。當“such”出現在某段某句中作定語時，表示的意思是“如此的，這樣的”。請考生務必到前文去尋找該詞的實際指代內容。切記![B]這個意思也不錯，因為文中有“cooperative”，可惜這不是重要的。[C]文中也提到了，但是仍然不是重要的。[D]選項是出題人自己編的。
    24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in theirstudy that the monkeys
    Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal終在他們的研究中發(fā)現猴子
    [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. 喜歡葡萄勝過黃瓜。
    [B] can be taught to exchange things. 可以被訓練來交換東西。
    [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 如果感覺被欺騙，就不會合作。
    [D] are unhappy when separated from others. 與其他猴子分離時不開心。
    【答案】 C
    【考點】 事實細節(jié)題。
    【分析】 后一段第二句“Suchco-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not beingcheated?！盵A]、[B]兩項是事實，但不是結論。[D]選項是明顯是錯誤的。
    25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 從后一段我們可以得出什么結論?
    [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions。
    通過訓練，猴子可以培養(yǎng)出社會情感。
    [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source。
    人類的義憤起源不確定。
    [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do。
    動物通常象人那樣公開表達自己的情感。
    [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild。
    只有在野外時猴子間的合作才保持穩(wěn)定。
    【答案】 B
    【考點】 推斷題。
    【分析】 [A]選項中把“guide”的概念偷換成“train”，意思就不一樣了。前者表示“引導”，后者表示“訓練”。所以不選。[C]這個說法超出了正確度很多，因為文中“Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve ofpeople alone?！敝槐硎尽傲x憤非人類專有?！盵D]選項也對原文意思產生了曲解。不是只有在野生狀態(tài)下猴子的合作才穩(wěn)定。而是只有在猴子沒有被騙的時候它們才有可能穩(wěn)定。[B]選項在原文中可以找到類似的說法?！皐hether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchinsand humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question?！迸c[B]意思一樣。