形容詞和副詞
A:形容詞
1、 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。
2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(錯) He is an ill man.
(對) The man is ill.
(錯) She is an afraid girl.
(對) The girl is afraid.
這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:
something nice
2. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。
改錯:(錯) She sang lovely.
(錯) He spoke to me very friendly.
(對) Her singing was lovely.
(對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
3 用形容詞表示類別和整體
1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為:
限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例題:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案:C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表:
限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞
old + brown + wood + table
5下列幾類形容詞也沒有比較等級:
(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對概念的形容詞或副詞。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示時間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“”概念的形容詞。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
6形容詞作定語時的后置
a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語時,位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面,但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時,定語后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.
他們建成了一座一百米長的橋。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.
去年,我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。
b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組,作表語時,也后置。
The bridge is a hundred meters long.
這座橋長達(dá)一百米。