2017年中考指導(dǎo):初中英語語法大全之形容詞和副詞

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形容詞和副詞   A:形容詞   1、 形容詞及其用法   形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。   1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。   2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的。   (錯) He is an ill man.   (對) The man is ill.   (錯) She is an afraid girl.   (對) The girl is afraid.   這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。   3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如:   something nice   2. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞   1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,  ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。   改錯:(錯) She sang lovely.   (錯) He spoke to me very friendly.   (對) Her singing was lovely.   (對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.   2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。   daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early   The Times is a daily paper.   The Times is published daily.   3 用形容詞表示類別和整體   1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry   The poor are losing hope.   2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。   the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.   The English have wonderful sense of humor.   4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序   多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為:   限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類別--名詞   a small round table   a tall gray building   a dirty old brown shirt   a famous German medical school   an expensive Japanese sports car   典型例題:   1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.   A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two   答案:C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。   2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.   A. old Chinese stone   B. Chinese old stone  C. old stone Chinese  D. Chinese stone old   答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。   3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?   ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.   A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last   答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表:   限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+   those + three + beautiful + large + square   新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞   old + brown + wood + table   5下列幾類形容詞也沒有比較等級:   (1)表示“終極”意義或絕對概念的形容詞或副詞。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。   (2)表示時間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。   (3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。   (4)本身具有“最”或“”概念的形容詞。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。   6形容詞作定語時的后置   a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語時,位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面,但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時,定語后置。   They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.   他們建成了一座一百米長的橋。   Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.   去年,我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。   b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組,作表語時,也后置。   The bridge is a hundred meters long.   這座橋長達(dá)一百米。