學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)常常被“語(yǔ)法”嚇到??偸遣恢涝撛鯓尤^(qū)分和運(yùn)用腦袋里裝的知識(shí)!別急別慌,記住以下內(nèi)容,讓你輕松學(xué)習(xí),開(kāi)心做題!為您精心整理!還在等什么?一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)吧!更多精彩,盡在,希望對(duì)您的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助!
【篇一】限定性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。
關(guān)系代詞
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)??墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ),注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置
2. which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
5.限定性定語(yǔ)從句在句中的主要作用是修飾前面的先行詞,并且兩者之間緊密聯(lián)系,無(wú)逗號(hào)。如出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞是that的情況,that是可以省略的。在句中起修飾限定作用,不能不省去。
A.The sports meeting will be held tomorrow when all the things are prepared.
明天所有的事情都準(zhǔn)備就緒時(shí),便會(huì)舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。(限定性)
B.We think about the final exam which (that)will become a standard of scores in the semester.
我們都在想著這學(xué)期將會(huì)作為評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的期末考試。(that可以省略)
【篇二】時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
一、定義
顧名思義,狀語(yǔ)從句就是指句子中的狀語(yǔ)原本是由單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)?shù)?,但?dāng)狀語(yǔ)是由句子來(lái)充當(dāng)時(shí),這個(gè)充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的句子就叫狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.第 一句中的at eight是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),是由短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 第二句中的when it was eight也是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但是由句子來(lái)充當(dāng)?shù)?,這個(gè)句子就叫(時(shí)間)狀語(yǔ)從句。
二、分類(lèi)
英語(yǔ)里的狀語(yǔ)總共有九種,即:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、比較、方式、讓步。而英語(yǔ)里的狀語(yǔ)從句也因此包括這九種,接下去我們就一一來(lái)梳理這九種從句的用法。需要注意的是,狀語(yǔ)從句的學(xué)習(xí)其實(shí)就是有關(guān)連接這些狀語(yǔ)從句的連接副詞的學(xué)習(xí)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
常連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有:
when, while, as;
before, after;
as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;
till, until;
since;
by, by the time, by the end of。
(一)when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“當(dāng)...時(shí)候”,需要注意的是:
1、當(dāng)所要描述的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間時(shí)
1)when要采用“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,即:主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.
需要注意的是,此時(shí)的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然采用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但其實(shí)是表將來(lái)的。如上句中的he comes,他其實(shí)還沒(méi)來(lái)。
此外,主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子。如:
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.
2)as的用法跟when差不多,但其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand. (當(dāng)她感覺(jué)到滴到她雙手上的唾液時(shí),恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。)
3)while所在的句子主從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般都采用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.
2、當(dāng)所要描述的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)間是過(guò)去時(shí)間時(shí)
1)when所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)或是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是,when也有可能表示“正在這時(shí)”。如:
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me. (我正在公園里散步,這時(shí)一個(gè)小孩撞到了我懷里。)
2)as與while的用法差不多,即:as和while所在的句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),而另外一個(gè)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則采用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.
(二)before和after的用法
before表示“在...之前”,after表示“在...之后”。使用時(shí)要注意要描述的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)基于現(xiàn)在時(shí)間還是過(guò)去時(shí)間。
1、基于現(xiàn)在時(shí)間
這時(shí),其用法基本遵循時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的“主將從現(xiàn)原則”,即before或after所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如:
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.
After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.
2、基于過(guò)去時(shí)間
這時(shí),before所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而after所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用過(guò)去完成時(shí),其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.
(三)“一...就...”的表達(dá)
英語(yǔ)里常用來(lái)表“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)主要有:as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、
1、as soon as
as soon as既可以用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間中,也可以用在過(guò)去時(shí)間中。當(dāng)用在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間中時(shí),遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則;當(dāng)用在過(guò)去時(shí)間中時(shí),as soon as所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)(如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性很強(qiáng),則采用一般過(guò)去時(shí))。如:
現(xiàn)在時(shí)間:As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
過(guò)去時(shí)間:As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.
2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...
這兩個(gè)句型都表示“一...就...”,而且用法都差不多,即when和than所在的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),其主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.
需要注意的是,hardly有時(shí)可以換成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表達(dá)
英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達(dá)“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:the moment/instant/minute/second...;immediately/instantly/directly...;at/on等。如:
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
(四)till和until
都表示“直到...時(shí)候”,兩者一般可以相互替換,但till多用于肯定句,until多用于否定句。如:
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.
需要注意的是,until常與not搭配使用,而且會(huì)用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中。如:
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.
(五)since
當(dāng)since用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意思是“自從...以來(lái)”,其往往被當(dāng)作是主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要采用完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.
Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.
(六)by、by the time和by the end of
這組結(jié)構(gòu)都表示“到...時(shí)候?yàn)橹埂保渲骶渲^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般都要采用完成時(shí)。需要注意的是,這些結(jié)構(gòu)后面所接的時(shí)間不同,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要采用不同的完成時(shí)態(tài)。
1、后接將來(lái)時(shí)間
這時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要采用將來(lái)完成時(shí)或?qū)?lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.
2、后接過(guò)去時(shí)間
這時(shí),主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要采用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.
【篇三】條件狀語(yǔ)從句
一、重要句型或語(yǔ)法
1、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
本課側(cè)重的是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,當(dāng)基于現(xiàn)在時(shí)間來(lái)使用時(shí),其用法主要是遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,即:主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般將來(lái)時(shí),if從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
If I win a lot of money, I'll buy you a mink coat.
二、課文主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
Are you doing the football pools, Brian?
Yes, I've nearly finished, Julie.
I'm sure we'll win something this week.
1)注意這段話采用了四種不同的時(shí)態(tài):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí),老師可以就此提問(wèn)學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生分析為什么分別采用了這四種時(shí)態(tài)。。 2)do the football pools,下足球賽賭注。 3)注意win后面只能接物,不能接人。
You always say that, but we never win anything. 1)注意本句前后兩個(gè)分句中的always和never的使用,使得前后兩句話形成了鮮明對(duì)比。 2)后半句中的never win anything,與前文出現(xiàn)的win something,形成前后呼應(yīng)。
What will you do if you win a lot of money?
If I win a lot of money I'll buy you a mink coat.
1)注意第 一句中的if從句在后面,中間沒(méi)有也無(wú)需用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);第二句中的if從句在前面,課文里沒(méi)有用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),但一般都會(huì)用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 2)buy you a mink coat,可以改為buy a mink coat for you。
I don't want a mink coat. I want to see the world. 注意前后兩句話分別示例了want后接名詞成分和動(dòng)詞的用法差別,即:want sth.和want to do sth.。作為動(dòng)詞,want還有一種用法,即:want sb. to do sth.。
If we win a lot of money we'll travel round the world
and we'll stay at the best hotels.
1)travel round the world,環(huán)球旅行。 2)stay at,待在某地。注意stay at后面接的一般都是小地點(diǎn),而不是大地方。
Then we'll return home and buy a big house in the country.
We'll have a beautiful garden and ...
1)return home,回家。注意home用作了副詞,前面不能加介詞。一般home與動(dòng)詞搭配使用時(shí),只有在stay后面才會(huì)加介詞at。 2)in the country,在鄉(xiāng)下、農(nóng)村。 3)have a beautiful garden中的have相當(dāng)于buy。
But if we spend all that money we'll be poor again.
What'll we do then?
1)注意“all that+不可數(shù)名詞”的用法。 2)注意what will的縮寫(xiě)形式what'll。
If we spend all the money
we'll try and win the football pools again.
句中的all the money與前文中的all that money意思和用法差不多。
It's a pleasant dream but everything depends on 'if'! 1)a pleasant dream,美夢(mèng)。 2)depend on,依靠、取決于。 3)注意課文中but前后的兩個(gè)分句沒(méi)有用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),但*好還是加上逗號(hào)。