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《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第76課: April Fools' Day
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What was the joke?
'To end our special news bulletin,' said the voice of the television announcer, 'we're going over to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Riccardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs. Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs. Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest: the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1991. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April lst. We're now going back to the studio.'
【課文翻譯】
“作為我們專題新聞節(jié)目的結(jié)尾，”電視廣播員說，“我們現(xiàn)在到克拉布利亞的通心粉田里。通心粉在這個(gè)地區(qū)已經(jīng)種植了600多年了。兩個(gè)主要種植者，朱塞皮.莫爾道瓦和里卡多.布拉班特告訴我，他們一直期待著今年獲得一個(gè)大豐收，收割工作比往年開始要早些。這里您可以看到兩個(gè)工人，他們協(xié)力割下了3車金黃色的通心粉秸。全村的人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，要趕在9月的雨季之前把今年的莊稼收獲上來(lái)，打完場(chǎng)。在屏幕的右側(cè)，您可以看到布拉班特太太本人，她已經(jīng)幫了她的丈夫30年了。布拉班特太太現(xiàn)在正和負(fù)責(zé)通心粉加工的當(dāng)?shù)丶庸S的經(jīng)理交談。這后一個(gè)鏡頭向您展示了收獲之后將發(fā)生的事情：的克拉布利亞人吃通心粉大賽!目前的冠軍弗拉特里先生，自1991年以來(lái)，年年獲勝。今天 -- 4月1日，星期四--的專題新聞節(jié)目到此結(jié)束?，F(xiàn)在我們回到電視演播室。”
【生詞匯總】
fool n. 傻瓜
bulletin n. 新聞簡(jiǎn)報(bào)
announcer n. (電視、之聲)播音員
macaroni n. 通心面，空心面條
leading adj. 主要的
grower n. 種植者
splendid adj. 極好的
stalk n. 梗
gather v. 收莊稼
thresh v. 打(莊稼)
process v. 加工
Signor n. (意大利語(yǔ))先生
present adj. 目前的
champion n. 冠軍
studio n. 播音室
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. fool [n] 傻瓜;受騙者 [v] 欺騙;開玩笑;戲弄
April fool 愚人節(jié)中受愚弄者 act /play the fool 扮丑角
A fool and his money are soon parted.
笨蛋難聚財(cái)。
除了作名詞，fool也可以作動(dòng)詞用。
make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人，欺騙某人 fool about 游手好閑，干蠢事 fool away 浪費(fèi)，虛度
He always taking a delight in making a fool of others.
他總是以愚弄他人為樂。
2. bulletin [n]公報(bào)，公告 [v]發(fā)表，用公告通知
Bulletin Board System 電子布告欄，也即我們常說的BBS。 official bulletin 正式公報(bào)，官方公報(bào)
weather bulletin 氣象通報(bào) results bulletin 成績(jī)公告
It is said on the bulletin that the wage adjustment will be carried out from next month.
公告上說從下個(gè)月開始進(jìn)行工資調(diào)整。
3. we're going over to the macaroni fields of Calabria.
我們現(xiàn)在到克拉布利亞的通心粉田里。
go over 有很多種意思，比如檢查、復(fù)習(xí)、重做、越過、轉(zhuǎn)向等等。在上面這個(gè)句子中g(shù)o over(to…)表示從較遠(yuǎn)的一處到另一處。
go over big 大受歡迎 go over the wall 越獄 go over the ground 調(diào)查事實(shí)，檢查情況
4. Two of the leading growers 兩個(gè)主要種植者
leading作形容詞表示“主要的、重要的”
leading article 社論 leading lady /man 演出的主角 leading light 重要人物
5. they have been expecting a splendid crop this year.
他們一直期待著今年獲得一個(gè)大豐收。
have been+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)，今后可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)。也就是說他們過去就一直很希望有個(gè)豐收，現(xiàn)在仍然有這樣一個(gè)愿望。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別在于：
①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。試比較下面兩個(gè)句子：
We have been lived here for more than ten years.
We have been living here for more than ten years.
②在沒有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束。
She has been working for this company. 她一直供職于這家公司。
She has worked for this company. 她曾經(jīng)供職于這家公司。
③有些表狀態(tài)、感情、感覺的動(dòng)詞如have/exist/like/hate/hear/know/sound等詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
How long have you heard this news?
你知道這個(gè)消息多久了?
6. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks.
這里您可以看到兩個(gè)工人，他們協(xié)力割下了3車金黃色的通心粉秸。
這里面包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，在這整個(gè)句子中，后半部分have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks.是修飾two workers。
7. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains.
全村的人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，要趕在9月的雨季之前把今年的莊稼收獲上來(lái)，打完場(chǎng)。
這個(gè)句子里working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop，后面的現(xiàn)在分詞gathering和threshing表示方式狀語(yǔ)，意思是全村人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，奮戰(zhàn)的方式就是gathering(收割)和threshing(打谷)。
September rains 九月雨季時(shí)節(jié)
rain表示“雨季”“季節(jié)性雨”的時(shí)候要用復(fù)數(shù)形式rains。
《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第77課: Successful operation
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Did the doctors find out how the woman died?
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.
【課文翻譯】
死于公元前800年的一位埃及婦女的木乃伊剛剛接受了手術(shù)。這是曾在底比斯神殿里當(dāng)過歌手的賽潘姆特的木乃伊。由于在給這個(gè)木乃伊拍攝的X光片子上有點(diǎn)奇怪的斑點(diǎn)，所以，醫(yī)生們一直試圖搞清這位婦女是否死于一種罕見的疾病。搞清的辦法就是手術(shù)。手術(shù)持續(xù)了4個(gè)多小時(shí)，非常難做，因?yàn)槠つw上覆蓋著一層硬硬的樹脂。醫(yī)生們從木乃伊身上取下一個(gè)切片，送去化驗(yàn)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了X光片所沒有顯示的東西：一個(gè)蠟制的杜瓦木特夫神小塑像。這種牛頭人身的神像通常被放在木乃伊體內(nèi)。醫(yī)生們至今還未確定這位婦女的死因。他們?cè)鴵?dān)心在把木乃伊切開后，它會(huì)散成碎片，但幸運(yùn)得很，這種情況并未發(fā)生。這具木乃伊成功地經(jīng)受了這次手術(shù)。
【生詞匯總】
mummy n. 木乃伊
Egyptian adj. 埃及的
temple n. 廟
mark n. 斑點(diǎn)
plate n. (照相)底片
disease n. 疾病
last v. 持續(xù)
prove v. 顯示出
resin n. 樹脂
skin n. 皮膚
section n. 切片
figure n. (人的)體形;人像
normally adv. 通常地
survive v. 幸免于
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
死于公元前800年的一位埃及婦女的木乃伊剛剛接受了手術(shù)。
mummy [n]木乃伊，干尸
在小孩口語(yǔ)中也可表示媽媽，但美式英語(yǔ)多寫作mommy。
operation [n]手術(shù);運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，操作
① 表示手術(shù)時(shí)的短語(yǔ)有 give an operation on sb. 給某人做手術(shù) have an operation on sb. 給某人做手術(shù) undergo an operation 接受一項(xiàng)手術(shù)
② 表示運(yùn)作，操作時(shí)的短語(yǔ)有 in operation 操作中;運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中 come/be into operation 生效;開始實(shí)行 bring sth. into operation (使某事物)生效，起作用
e.g. He is accepting a lung transplant operation.
他在接受一項(xiàng)肺移植手術(shù)。
When will these regulations come into operation?
這些條例何時(shí)生效?
2. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
這是曾在底比斯神殿里當(dāng)過歌手的賽潘姆特的木乃伊。
that of 這里的that指代前面的the mummy，避免與前面重復(fù)。在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，指代特定的事物時(shí)，通常用that或those來(lái)指代前面提到的事物，使整個(gè)人句子更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。that of和those of一般用于比較正式的句子中。例如：
The economy of America is much more prosperous than that of Japan.
美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比日本繁榮很多。
3. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy.
由于在給這個(gè)木乃伊拍攝的X光片子上有點(diǎn)奇怪的斑點(diǎn)。
① mark 表示斑點(diǎn)、標(biāo)記 其他意思類似的還有sign，signal，symbol。它們的主要區(qū)別如下：
mark 很顯眼的標(biāo)記，一般是指可用眼睛直接看到的。
symbol 一般指象征意義上的標(biāo)志，可以是實(shí)物，也可能是虛有的。
sign 指人們公認(rèn)事物的記號(hào)，也可指某種情況的征兆。
signal 指為某一目的而有意發(fā)出的信號(hào)。
② plate (照相用的)感光底片;玻璃感光片
take the plate of 給……拍底片
在課文中，plates taken of the mummy 這里是過去分詞taken做后置定語(yǔ)修飾plates。
4. doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
醫(yī)生們一直試圖搞清這位婦女是否死于一種罕見的疾病。
① have been trying 這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作
② 該句子為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。if或whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作“是否”講，常放在動(dòng)詞ask 、see 、say 、know和find out等后面。一般情況下，兩者?？蓳Q用，在口語(yǔ)中多用if。
I don't know whether it will rain tomorrow.
我不知道明天是否會(huì)下雨。
if和whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
a. whether或if不能和that 或其它連詞(副詞)同時(shí)使用，也不能省去。例如：
[誤] I didn't know that whether (if) he was back.
[正]I didn't know whether (if) he was back.
b. whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，雖具有疑問意義，但從句語(yǔ)序應(yīng)用陳述句語(yǔ)序。例如：
Did you finish your essay? The professor asked me. →The professor asked me whether I had finished my essay.
c. whether /if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)和主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。即主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用任一種時(shí)態(tài);主句為一般過去時(shí)，從句則用過去時(shí)中的任一種時(shí)態(tài)。具體如上例。
在某些情況下，從句中用whether還是if要看具體情況。
if和whether的區(qū)別：
A 在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如：
I can't decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。
B 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
C 在介詞后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。
D 賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether 。如：
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問題。
E 用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer?
這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎?”或“如果你知道答案，請(qǐng)告訴我，好嗎?”如用whether可避免歧義。
5. The operation, which lasted for over four hours.
手術(shù)持續(xù)了4個(gè)多小時(shí)。
這個(gè)句子中，last表示持續(xù)，與此類似的詞還有stay，keep等。這三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別在于：
last作系動(dòng)詞，表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。它既可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以在后面接表示時(shí)間的詞。例如：
I believe that the bad whether won't last. 我相信這壞天氣不會(huì)持續(xù)下去的。
stay也可作系動(dòng)詞，后面可接形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等，表示保持某種狀態(tài)。例如：
I have been stayed awake for a whole night. 我已經(jīng)失眠整整一晚上了!
keep作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，表示繼續(xù)、處于……狀態(tài)，后接名詞、代詞、副詞或現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：
Why did you keep me waiting outside for such a long time? 為什么讓我在外面等這么久?
《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第78課: The last one?
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
For how long did the writer give up smoking?
After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!
【課文翻譯】
讀完一篇題為《吸煙與健康》的文章之后，我點(diǎn)上了一枝香煙，來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定一下自己緊張的神經(jīng)。我聚精會(huì)神而又愉快地吸著這支煙。因?yàn)槲掖_信這是我后一枝煙了。整整一個(gè)星期我根本沒有吸煙。在此期間，我妻子吃盡了苦頭。我具備了戒煙者通常表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的所有癥狀：脾氣暴躁和食欲旺盛。我的朋友們不斷地向我遞香煙和雪茄。每當(dāng)我從口袋里掏出一包糖果時(shí)，他們都毫不掩飾地表現(xiàn)出他們對(duì)此感到非常好笑。這樣過了7天以后，我去參加聚會(huì)。我周圍的每個(gè)人都在吸煙，我感到非常不自在。當(dāng)我的老朋友布賴恩極力勸我接受一枝香煙時(shí)，我再也忍不住了。我內(nèi)疚地接過一枝點(diǎn)上，心滿意足地抽起來(lái)。一切又都恢復(fù)了正常，為此我妻子十分高興。不管怎么說，正如布賴恩指出的那樣，戒煙是世界上容易的事情，他自己就已戒了很多次了!
【生詞匯總】
entitle v. 以......為名
calm v. 使鎮(zhèn)定
nerve n. 神經(jīng)
concentration n. 集中，專心
suffer v. 受苦，受害
symptom n. 癥狀
temper n. 脾氣
appetite n. 胃口，食欲
produce v. 拿出
urge v. 力勸，慫恿
satisfaction n. 滿意，滿足
delighted adj. 欣喜的
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
讀完一篇題為《吸煙與健康》的文章之后，我點(diǎn)上了一枝香煙，來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定一下自己緊張的神經(jīng)。
① entitle 給……取名;定名
在上面這個(gè)句子里entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health'是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的article。
entitle sb. to sth 給予某人獲得某事物或做某事的權(quán)利。
e.g. The people entitles us to safeguard fairness and justice.
人民賦予了我們維護(hù)公平正義的權(quán)利。
entitlement [n]授權(quán);有資格
② nerve [n] 神經(jīng)
calm one's nerves 鎮(zhèn)定某人的神經(jīng);使平靜 get on one's nerves 刺激或煩擾某人 hit /touch a (raw) nerve 提及使某人氣憤、痛苦的事
③ calm 有多種詞性 作形容詞表示平靜的，無(wú)風(fēng)浪的;作名詞表示平靜狀態(tài)或時(shí)期，習(xí)語(yǔ)the calm before the storm即指暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)臨前的寧?kù)o;作動(dòng)詞則表示使平靜;鎮(zhèn)定，如詞組calm down。
2. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.
我聚精會(huì)神而又愉快地吸著這枝煙。因?yàn)槲掖_信這是我后一支煙了。
with+concentration and pleasure 這種with+n. 的形式表示方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾前面的smoke這個(gè)動(dòng)作。
as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. 這個(gè)句子里as表示原因“因?yàn)?、由于”。英語(yǔ)中表示原因的詞有好幾個(gè)，它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ系膮^(qū)別如下：
① as 表原因是“因?yàn)?、由于”，語(yǔ)氣比because弱，它所引導(dǎo)的從句一般是不言而喻、顯而易見的原因和理由。as可放在句首，也可放在句中。
As it was raining outside, we decided to come back.
因?yàn)橥饷嬗晗碌煤艽?，所以我們決定回來(lái)。
② because 通常表示直接的原因。because引導(dǎo)的從句表示直接或明確的原因和理由，表示按因果關(guān)系的推斷，語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，用來(lái)回答why提出的問題，一般位于主句之后。
③ for 并列連詞，表示推斷的原因，或?qū)η耙环志溲a(bǔ)充說明理由。
It must be morning for the birds are singing.
現(xiàn)在一定是清晨了，因?yàn)轼B兒在叫。
We are told to wait at the station because there is an emergency.
因?yàn)橛芯o急情況，我們被告知要在車站等待。
④ since 語(yǔ)氣較弱，強(qiáng)調(diào)已知的事實(shí)。
Since she hasn't come, I will travel alone.
既然她沒來(lái)，我就只能自己去旅行了。
3. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly.
整整一個(gè)星期我根本沒有吸煙。在此期間，我妻子吃盡了苦頭。
① not…at all 一點(diǎn)也不
② suffer 不及物動(dòng)詞 受苦、吃苦頭 suffer from /with /for sth.
suffering [n] 痛苦 復(fù)數(shù) sufferings [復(fù)數(shù)] 痛苦的感覺;苦惱;折磨
It seems that he is suffering from a headache.
看起來(lái)他正遭受著頭痛之苦。
4. symptom [n] 癥狀 symptom of sth. ……的癥狀或征兆
Sometimes chest tightness is the symptom of heart disease.
有時(shí)候胸悶是心臟病的征兆。
5. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
我的朋友們不斷地向我遞香煙和雪茄。每當(dāng)我從口袋里掏出一包糖果時(shí)，他們都毫不掩飾地表現(xiàn)出他們對(duì)此感到非常好笑。
① keep on doing和keep doing 兩者均表示“繼續(xù)做某事，反復(fù)做某事”，兩者一般情況下可互換使用，但也有一些細(xì)微區(qū)別。
a. keep on 強(qiáng)調(diào)間隔性和動(dòng)作的反復(fù)性，含有不顧警告、困難和反對(duì)而任然堅(jiān)持做下去的意思。
b. 表示連續(xù)不斷的動(dòng)作時(shí)用keep doing。
② made no effort 不努力 make every effort=spare no effort=try every means 盡一切努力
③ produce 一般produce表示生產(chǎn)、制造等意思，但這個(gè)詞也可以表示拿出或出示某物(供檢驗(yàn)或使用)，相當(dāng)于bring out或者show。
produce sth. (from /out of sth)
6. urge sb. to do sth. 催促某人做某事
The teacher urged us to hand in the paper when the ring rang.
鈴聲響起時(shí)老師催我們交卷。
《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第76課: April Fools' Day
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What was the joke?
'To end our special news bulletin,' said the voice of the television announcer, 'we're going over to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Riccardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs. Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs. Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest: the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1991. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April lst. We're now going back to the studio.'
【課文翻譯】
“作為我們專題新聞節(jié)目的結(jié)尾，”電視廣播員說，“我們現(xiàn)在到克拉布利亞的通心粉田里。通心粉在這個(gè)地區(qū)已經(jīng)種植了600多年了。兩個(gè)主要種植者，朱塞皮.莫爾道瓦和里卡多.布拉班特告訴我，他們一直期待著今年獲得一個(gè)大豐收，收割工作比往年開始要早些。這里您可以看到兩個(gè)工人，他們協(xié)力割下了3車金黃色的通心粉秸。全村的人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，要趕在9月的雨季之前把今年的莊稼收獲上來(lái)，打完場(chǎng)。在屏幕的右側(cè)，您可以看到布拉班特太太本人，她已經(jīng)幫了她的丈夫30年了。布拉班特太太現(xiàn)在正和負(fù)責(zé)通心粉加工的當(dāng)?shù)丶庸S的經(jīng)理交談。這后一個(gè)鏡頭向您展示了收獲之后將發(fā)生的事情：的克拉布利亞人吃通心粉大賽!目前的冠軍弗拉特里先生，自1991年以來(lái)，年年獲勝。今天 -- 4月1日，星期四--的專題新聞節(jié)目到此結(jié)束?，F(xiàn)在我們回到電視演播室。”
【生詞匯總】
fool n. 傻瓜
bulletin n. 新聞簡(jiǎn)報(bào)
announcer n. (電視、之聲)播音員
macaroni n. 通心面，空心面條
leading adj. 主要的
grower n. 種植者
splendid adj. 極好的
stalk n. 梗
gather v. 收莊稼
thresh v. 打(莊稼)
process v. 加工
Signor n. (意大利語(yǔ))先生
present adj. 目前的
champion n. 冠軍
studio n. 播音室
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. fool [n] 傻瓜;受騙者 [v] 欺騙;開玩笑;戲弄
April fool 愚人節(jié)中受愚弄者 act /play the fool 扮丑角
A fool and his money are soon parted.
笨蛋難聚財(cái)。
除了作名詞，fool也可以作動(dòng)詞用。
make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人，欺騙某人 fool about 游手好閑，干蠢事 fool away 浪費(fèi)，虛度
He always taking a delight in making a fool of others.
他總是以愚弄他人為樂。
2. bulletin [n]公報(bào)，公告 [v]發(fā)表，用公告通知
Bulletin Board System 電子布告欄，也即我們常說的BBS。 official bulletin 正式公報(bào)，官方公報(bào)
weather bulletin 氣象通報(bào) results bulletin 成績(jī)公告
It is said on the bulletin that the wage adjustment will be carried out from next month.
公告上說從下個(gè)月開始進(jìn)行工資調(diào)整。
3. we're going over to the macaroni fields of Calabria.
我們現(xiàn)在到克拉布利亞的通心粉田里。
go over 有很多種意思，比如檢查、復(fù)習(xí)、重做、越過、轉(zhuǎn)向等等。在上面這個(gè)句子中g(shù)o over(to…)表示從較遠(yuǎn)的一處到另一處。
go over big 大受歡迎 go over the wall 越獄 go over the ground 調(diào)查事實(shí)，檢查情況
4. Two of the leading growers 兩個(gè)主要種植者
leading作形容詞表示“主要的、重要的”
leading article 社論 leading lady /man 演出的主角 leading light 重要人物
5. they have been expecting a splendid crop this year.
他們一直期待著今年獲得一個(gè)大豐收。
have been+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)，今后可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)。也就是說他們過去就一直很希望有個(gè)豐收，現(xiàn)在仍然有這樣一個(gè)愿望。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別在于：
①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。試比較下面兩個(gè)句子：
We have been lived here for more than ten years.
We have been living here for more than ten years.
②在沒有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束。
She has been working for this company. 她一直供職于這家公司。
She has worked for this company. 她曾經(jīng)供職于這家公司。
③有些表狀態(tài)、感情、感覺的動(dòng)詞如have/exist/like/hate/hear/know/sound等詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
How long have you heard this news?
你知道這個(gè)消息多久了?
6. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks.
這里您可以看到兩個(gè)工人，他們協(xié)力割下了3車金黃色的通心粉秸。
這里面包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，在這整個(gè)句子中，后半部分have just finished cutting three cartloads of golden brown macaroni stalks.是修飾two workers。
7. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains.
全村的人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，要趕在9月的雨季之前把今年的莊稼收獲上來(lái)，打完場(chǎng)。
這個(gè)句子里working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop，后面的現(xiàn)在分詞gathering和threshing表示方式狀語(yǔ)，意思是全村人都日夜奮戰(zhàn)，奮戰(zhàn)的方式就是gathering(收割)和threshing(打谷)。
September rains 九月雨季時(shí)節(jié)
rain表示“雨季”“季節(jié)性雨”的時(shí)候要用復(fù)數(shù)形式rains。
《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第77課: Successful operation
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Did the doctors find out how the woman died?
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.
【課文翻譯】
死于公元前800年的一位埃及婦女的木乃伊剛剛接受了手術(shù)。這是曾在底比斯神殿里當(dāng)過歌手的賽潘姆特的木乃伊。由于在給這個(gè)木乃伊拍攝的X光片子上有點(diǎn)奇怪的斑點(diǎn)，所以，醫(yī)生們一直試圖搞清這位婦女是否死于一種罕見的疾病。搞清的辦法就是手術(shù)。手術(shù)持續(xù)了4個(gè)多小時(shí)，非常難做，因?yàn)槠つw上覆蓋著一層硬硬的樹脂。醫(yī)生們從木乃伊身上取下一個(gè)切片，送去化驗(yàn)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了X光片所沒有顯示的東西：一個(gè)蠟制的杜瓦木特夫神小塑像。這種牛頭人身的神像通常被放在木乃伊體內(nèi)。醫(yī)生們至今還未確定這位婦女的死因。他們?cè)鴵?dān)心在把木乃伊切開后，它會(huì)散成碎片，但幸運(yùn)得很，這種情況并未發(fā)生。這具木乃伊成功地經(jīng)受了這次手術(shù)。
【生詞匯總】
mummy n. 木乃伊
Egyptian adj. 埃及的
temple n. 廟
mark n. 斑點(diǎn)
plate n. (照相)底片
disease n. 疾病
last v. 持續(xù)
prove v. 顯示出
resin n. 樹脂
skin n. 皮膚
section n. 切片
figure n. (人的)體形;人像
normally adv. 通常地
survive v. 幸免于
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
死于公元前800年的一位埃及婦女的木乃伊剛剛接受了手術(shù)。
mummy [n]木乃伊，干尸
在小孩口語(yǔ)中也可表示媽媽，但美式英語(yǔ)多寫作mommy。
operation [n]手術(shù);運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，操作
① 表示手術(shù)時(shí)的短語(yǔ)有 give an operation on sb. 給某人做手術(shù) have an operation on sb. 給某人做手術(shù) undergo an operation 接受一項(xiàng)手術(shù)
② 表示運(yùn)作，操作時(shí)的短語(yǔ)有 in operation 操作中;運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中 come/be into operation 生效;開始實(shí)行 bring sth. into operation (使某事物)生效，起作用
e.g. He is accepting a lung transplant operation.
他在接受一項(xiàng)肺移植手術(shù)。
When will these regulations come into operation?
這些條例何時(shí)生效?
2. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
這是曾在底比斯神殿里當(dāng)過歌手的賽潘姆特的木乃伊。
that of 這里的that指代前面的the mummy，避免與前面重復(fù)。在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中，指代特定的事物時(shí)，通常用that或those來(lái)指代前面提到的事物，使整個(gè)人句子更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。that of和those of一般用于比較正式的句子中。例如：
The economy of America is much more prosperous than that of Japan.
美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比日本繁榮很多。
3. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy.
由于在給這個(gè)木乃伊拍攝的X光片子上有點(diǎn)奇怪的斑點(diǎn)。
① mark 表示斑點(diǎn)、標(biāo)記 其他意思類似的還有sign，signal，symbol。它們的主要區(qū)別如下：
mark 很顯眼的標(biāo)記，一般是指可用眼睛直接看到的。
symbol 一般指象征意義上的標(biāo)志，可以是實(shí)物，也可能是虛有的。
sign 指人們公認(rèn)事物的記號(hào)，也可指某種情況的征兆。
signal 指為某一目的而有意發(fā)出的信號(hào)。
② plate (照相用的)感光底片;玻璃感光片
take the plate of 給……拍底片
在課文中，plates taken of the mummy 這里是過去分詞taken做后置定語(yǔ)修飾plates。
4. doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
醫(yī)生們一直試圖搞清這位婦女是否死于一種罕見的疾病。
① have been trying 這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作
② 該句子為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。if或whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作“是否”講，常放在動(dòng)詞ask 、see 、say 、know和find out等后面。一般情況下，兩者?？蓳Q用，在口語(yǔ)中多用if。
I don't know whether it will rain tomorrow.
我不知道明天是否會(huì)下雨。
if和whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：
a. whether或if不能和that 或其它連詞(副詞)同時(shí)使用，也不能省去。例如：
[誤] I didn't know that whether (if) he was back.
[正]I didn't know whether (if) he was back.
b. whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，雖具有疑問意義，但從句語(yǔ)序應(yīng)用陳述句語(yǔ)序。例如：
Did you finish your essay? The professor asked me. →The professor asked me whether I had finished my essay.
c. whether /if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)和主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。即主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用任一種時(shí)態(tài);主句為一般過去時(shí)，從句則用過去時(shí)中的任一種時(shí)態(tài)。具體如上例。
在某些情況下，從句中用whether還是if要看具體情況。
if和whether的區(qū)別：
A 在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如：
I can't decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。
B 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
C 在介詞后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。
D 賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether 。如：
Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問題。
E 用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer?
這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎?”或“如果你知道答案，請(qǐng)告訴我，好嗎?”如用whether可避免歧義。
5. The operation, which lasted for over four hours.
手術(shù)持續(xù)了4個(gè)多小時(shí)。
這個(gè)句子中，last表示持續(xù)，與此類似的詞還有stay，keep等。這三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別在于：
last作系動(dòng)詞，表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。它既可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以在后面接表示時(shí)間的詞。例如：
I believe that the bad whether won't last. 我相信這壞天氣不會(huì)持續(xù)下去的。
stay也可作系動(dòng)詞，后面可接形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等，表示保持某種狀態(tài)。例如：
I have been stayed awake for a whole night. 我已經(jīng)失眠整整一晚上了!
keep作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，表示繼續(xù)、處于……狀態(tài)，后接名詞、代詞、副詞或現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：
Why did you keep me waiting outside for such a long time? 為什么讓我在外面等這么久?
《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)第78課: The last one?
【課文】
First listen and then answer the question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
For how long did the writer give up smoking?
After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times!
【課文翻譯】
讀完一篇題為《吸煙與健康》的文章之后，我點(diǎn)上了一枝香煙，來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定一下自己緊張的神經(jīng)。我聚精會(huì)神而又愉快地吸著這支煙。因?yàn)槲掖_信這是我后一枝煙了。整整一個(gè)星期我根本沒有吸煙。在此期間，我妻子吃盡了苦頭。我具備了戒煙者通常表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的所有癥狀：脾氣暴躁和食欲旺盛。我的朋友們不斷地向我遞香煙和雪茄。每當(dāng)我從口袋里掏出一包糖果時(shí)，他們都毫不掩飾地表現(xiàn)出他們對(duì)此感到非常好笑。這樣過了7天以后，我去參加聚會(huì)。我周圍的每個(gè)人都在吸煙，我感到非常不自在。當(dāng)我的老朋友布賴恩極力勸我接受一枝香煙時(shí)，我再也忍不住了。我內(nèi)疚地接過一枝點(diǎn)上，心滿意足地抽起來(lái)。一切又都恢復(fù)了正常，為此我妻子十分高興。不管怎么說，正如布賴恩指出的那樣，戒煙是世界上容易的事情，他自己就已戒了很多次了!
【生詞匯總】
entitle v. 以......為名
calm v. 使鎮(zhèn)定
nerve n. 神經(jīng)
concentration n. 集中，專心
suffer v. 受苦，受害
symptom n. 癥狀
temper n. 脾氣
appetite n. 胃口，食欲
produce v. 拿出
urge v. 力勸，慫恿
satisfaction n. 滿意，滿足
delighted adj. 欣喜的
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解】
1. After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
讀完一篇題為《吸煙與健康》的文章之后，我點(diǎn)上了一枝香煙，來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定一下自己緊張的神經(jīng)。
① entitle 給……取名;定名
在上面這個(gè)句子里entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health'是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的article。
entitle sb. to sth 給予某人獲得某事物或做某事的權(quán)利。
e.g. The people entitles us to safeguard fairness and justice.
人民賦予了我們維護(hù)公平正義的權(quán)利。
entitlement [n]授權(quán);有資格
② nerve [n] 神經(jīng)
calm one's nerves 鎮(zhèn)定某人的神經(jīng);使平靜 get on one's nerves 刺激或煩擾某人 hit /touch a (raw) nerve 提及使某人氣憤、痛苦的事
③ calm 有多種詞性 作形容詞表示平靜的，無(wú)風(fēng)浪的;作名詞表示平靜狀態(tài)或時(shí)期，習(xí)語(yǔ)the calm before the storm即指暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)臨前的寧?kù)o;作動(dòng)詞則表示使平靜;鎮(zhèn)定，如詞組calm down。
2. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.
我聚精會(huì)神而又愉快地吸著這枝煙。因?yàn)槲掖_信這是我后一支煙了。
with+concentration and pleasure 這種with+n. 的形式表示方式狀語(yǔ)，修飾前面的smoke這個(gè)動(dòng)作。
as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. 這個(gè)句子里as表示原因“因?yàn)?、由于”。英語(yǔ)中表示原因的詞有好幾個(gè)，它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ系膮^(qū)別如下：
① as 表原因是“因?yàn)?、由于”，語(yǔ)氣比because弱，它所引導(dǎo)的從句一般是不言而喻、顯而易見的原因和理由。as可放在句首，也可放在句中。
As it was raining outside, we decided to come back.
因?yàn)橥饷嬗晗碌煤艽?，所以我們決定回來(lái)。
② because 通常表示直接的原因。because引導(dǎo)的從句表示直接或明確的原因和理由，表示按因果關(guān)系的推斷，語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，用來(lái)回答why提出的問題，一般位于主句之后。
③ for 并列連詞，表示推斷的原因，或?qū)η耙环志溲a(bǔ)充說明理由。
It must be morning for the birds are singing.
現(xiàn)在一定是清晨了，因?yàn)轼B兒在叫。
We are told to wait at the station because there is an emergency.
因?yàn)橛芯o急情況，我們被告知要在車站等待。
④ since 語(yǔ)氣較弱，強(qiáng)調(diào)已知的事實(shí)。
Since she hasn't come, I will travel alone.
既然她沒來(lái)，我就只能自己去旅行了。
3. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly.
整整一個(gè)星期我根本沒有吸煙。在此期間，我妻子吃盡了苦頭。
① not…at all 一點(diǎn)也不
② suffer 不及物動(dòng)詞 受苦、吃苦頭 suffer from /with /for sth.
suffering [n] 痛苦 復(fù)數(shù) sufferings [復(fù)數(shù)] 痛苦的感覺;苦惱;折磨
It seems that he is suffering from a headache.
看起來(lái)他正遭受著頭痛之苦。
4. symptom [n] 癥狀 symptom of sth. ……的癥狀或征兆
Sometimes chest tightness is the symptom of heart disease.
有時(shí)候胸悶是心臟病的征兆。
5. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
我的朋友們不斷地向我遞香煙和雪茄。每當(dāng)我從口袋里掏出一包糖果時(shí)，他們都毫不掩飾地表現(xiàn)出他們對(duì)此感到非常好笑。
① keep on doing和keep doing 兩者均表示“繼續(xù)做某事，反復(fù)做某事”，兩者一般情況下可互換使用，但也有一些細(xì)微區(qū)別。
a. keep on 強(qiáng)調(diào)間隔性和動(dòng)作的反復(fù)性，含有不顧警告、困難和反對(duì)而任然堅(jiān)持做下去的意思。
b. 表示連續(xù)不斷的動(dòng)作時(shí)用keep doing。
② made no effort 不努力 make every effort=spare no effort=try every means 盡一切努力
③ produce 一般produce表示生產(chǎn)、制造等意思，但這個(gè)詞也可以表示拿出或出示某物(供檢驗(yàn)或使用)，相當(dāng)于bring out或者show。
produce sth. (from /out of sth)
6. urge sb. to do sth. 催促某人做某事
The teacher urged us to hand in the paper when the ring rang.
鈴聲響起時(shí)老師催我們交卷。